Search Results for iraq-

Abstract

The aim of this research is to present the reality of financial inclusion in Iraq, by analyzing the behavior and trends of its financial indicators according to its dimensions (access and usage) for the period (2014 to 2024). This research aims to determine the level of financial inclusion in Iraq and its most important pillars. Based on the basic premise that financial inclusion in Iraq can be measured and analyzed, and the development of its indicators can be monitored. Financial inclusion in Iraq can be expressed using four sets of indicators: banking density and banking penetration, and the spread of electronic payment services to express access. Mobile payment services, and electronic card and bank account penetration indicators, were used to express usage. Two factors were identified as constraints on achieving financial inclusion requirements in Iraq: the financial infrastructure and technology, and the lack of widespread financial awareness among individuals and the skill required to select financial products. This has led to a lack of digital transaction culture among Iraqis, as well as a lack of confidence in financial transactions in this context, due to the prevalence of hacking, fraud, and deception. It is impossible to advance financial inclusion levels in Iraq without addressing these two important and interconnected constraints.

Abstract

During times of economic volatility and in the process of administrative reform in post-conflict situations, strong leadership is essential to building a resilient workforce. To tackle this, the current study seeks to examine the effects of ethical leadership on “organizational citizenship behavior” (OCB) with corporate “social responsibility” (CSR) as a mediator in the private banking sector in Iraq. The research adopts a quantitative approach with the use of survey data from 229 banking professionals and is based on “Social Exchange and Social Identity theories”. The conceptual pathways were tested using variance-based structural equation modeling, which was performed using SmartPLS 4. The results of the analyses strongly favor the proposed model, showing that ethical leadership has a significant positive impact on employees' perceptions of CSR initiatives and their engagement in discretionary citizenship behaviors. Moreover, CSR was observed to have a great impact on OCB. Importantly, the findings proved that CSR is a powerful mediator, which means that ethical leaders provoke citizenship behaviors by developing a socially responsible organizational climate. The study fills a significant gap in the literature because it tests a mediation model in a less-studied context of the Iraqi banking sector. It offers administrative lessons to policymakers and bank executives, indicating that the strategic need to invest in ethical leadership and true CSR activities is not only a moral requirement but a strategic need to increase sustainable employability and fight against economic adversities.

Abstract

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has transformed the global higher education landscape, making the transition toward smart universities a strategic necessity rather than a developmental option. Despite ongoing reform efforts in Iraq, higher education institutions continue to face significant challenges related to governance, digital infrastructure, data management, research capacity, and institutional readiness. The research problem stems from the existence of a substantial gap between the current state of Iraqi universities and the requirements of internationally recognized smart university models, which limits their ability to contribute effectively to sustainable development and the knowledge economy. This study aims to analyze the current status of smart university transformation in Iraq through a gap analysis approach and to develop a strategic roadmap that supports the transition process. Using a qualitative analytical methodology, the study examines the Iraqi higher education environment, identifies major transformation gaps, and evaluates key dimensions including governance, digital infrastructure, policy frameworks, pedagogy, research and innovation, stakeholder engagement, financing, and risk management. The findings reveal significant deficiencies in digital readiness, institutional integration, data governance, technological infrastructure, and university–industry collaboration. The study highlights the importance of establishing a coherent national framework that aligns digital transformation initiatives with higher education policies and development priorities. Based on the identified gaps, a comprehensive strategic roadmap is proposed to guide universities and policymakers through a phased transformation process toward smart university implementation. The study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on higher education digital transformation by providing a context-specific framework for Iraq and offering practical policy recommendations to enhance institutional performance, innovation capacity, educational quality, and long-term socio-economic development.

Abstract

Despite the significant role of small & medium business unit in manufacturing industry in the national economic development, especially in the developing countries, manufacturing industry has suffered from many problems such as, competition development in international markets, rapid advancement of technology and change in consumers behavior, which manufacturing unit small & medium enterprise of Iraq is unable to follow them all. This study aims to examine the role of mediation knowledge management between the IT capabilities and innovation capabilities in earlier studies, which did not involve the study of this mediating role. The technique used for collecting the data of 384 manufacturing industry (SME) in Iraq is quantitative technique with the instrument questionnaire to check the data by the using of (PLS-SEM) Model The finding results indicated that knowledge management was a positive and statistically significant mediating variable between the IT capability and the innovative capacity. Finally, there was a positive statistically significant mediation between knowledge management skills and IT capacities. The impact of mediation between knowledge management capacities and innovation capacities was also being felt. A practical contribution is suggested by the investments that needs to be done in the field of information and communication technology (ICT) that would be used as a strategic axis to promote innovation for SME in Iraq. The model accounted for much of the variance in the two constructs, namely innovation capabilities and knowledge capacities study, explaining the mechanisms that enable SMEs to innovate in Iraq, according to the Resource Based View approach (RBV).

Abstract

The digital transformation of industrial companies plays a prominent role in increasing their market share and thus increasing their ability to compete, survive, and grow. The current study aims to measure and analyze the impact of digital transformation on predicting stock returns through profitability indicators. The study population consisted of manufacturing firms traded on the Iraq Stock Exchange, from which representative sample was drawn. The study focused on a sample of (7) manufacturing firms traded on the Iraq Stock Exchange, and the selected time series was (12) years, i.e., from (2012) to (2023). A set of statistical methods was used, utilizing multivariate regression analysis and t-statistical evaluation. The (Eviews 10) and (smart-pls 4) software were used in the analysis and hypothesis testing. A set of conclusions was reached, the most important of which is that companies that adopt smart production systems and where Companies with a higher proportion were better to exploit investment opportunities, which positively affected stock return can exploit investment opportunities optimally, and thus increase their returns, which is reflected positively on the earnings per share and the stock dividend, which ultimately leads to an increase in their stock returns. Based on these findings, a set of recommendations was made, most importantly the need for industrial companies to adopt smart production systems and increase their spending on research and development. These measures enhance their ability to capitalize on investment opportunities and thus increase their returns.

Abstract

Through this research, the aim is to answer a number of questions that accompany the research problem of defining the concept of water security, as well as to show the extent of the effects of water security on sustainable agricultural development in Iraq for the period (2004-2022), as well as identifying water security challenges, as well as identifying alternatives to water security supplies to create sustainable agricultural development in Iraq, given the information available today.

In this research, the researcher relied on the extrapolation process mainly, which is based on observing the effects of water security on sustainable agricultural development in Iraq for the period (2004-2022), and then there may be another scientific approach that we will resort to in the course of our treatment of the issue, which is the analytical method while following some standard procedures to understand the nature of the data and variables that affect the crisis.

Among the most prominent results of the research: German revenues received to Iraq fluctuated from the year (2004-2022), falling below (30 billion m3) in dry years, as the results showed that agricultural activity ranked first in the process of consumption of German resources, which affects and is affected by water security, at the same time, the contribution of this activity to the pollution of surface waters due to the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and the various solid and liquid agricultural waste poses on the German Environment, and then sustainable agricultural development is significantly affected by its agricultural results, and the results surface degradation of its quality as a result of storage and causes contaminated water discharged from In general, the water crisis in Iraq was not largely a problem of shortage or scarcity of available resources, nor accelerated population growth or a deficit in financial capabilities, but it is primarily a matter of failure and imbalance in agricultural policies and misuse of the human factor of the available resources in the region with the absence of political will and seriousness in action, and we have noted through this research that food production and achieving an increase in it is dependent on Water Resources, which is a determining factor in achieving both sustainable agricultural development and water security, and that the use of Water Resources in the Iraqi agricultural sector may also To some extent, it failed to rid the state budget of import restrictions and burdens, as access to food for the Iraqi citizen is still dependent on what the West ships, especially with regard to strategic foods such as cereals, which means poor efficiency of use of Water Resources in sustainable agricultural development.

The study recommended: In the absence of water security policies and strategies that regulate the management of the water sector, it is imperative to develop policies and action programs for the integrated management of water resources, as well as protecting water sources from pollution, which requires the activation of laws and legislations for water conservation and the construction of sewage and industrial water treatment plants to ensure the protection of German resources, as well as expanding the use of modern irrigation techniques such as spray and drip irrigation, redirecting water paths and distribution channels, lining irrigation channels and using pipes and automatic control gates to transport and distribute water, as well as Therefore, it is important to study and address this issue through the development of a comprehensive drought strategy in the long term in coordination with local, national and regional levels, and finally the development of national and regional plans to rationalize water uses, including the search for new resources and the study of the economics of their use and protection.

Abstract

Education has consistently been a prerequisite for employment in a variety of positions. Nevertheless, this can be a problem and exacerbate unemployment in societies if it becomes an obstacle or if there is an overabundance in certain disciplines. To enable to design practical remedies that can be performed in both the near and long term, it studies the reasons for it and evaluates its data within Iraq. The framework of job possibilities in Iraq is also the subject of this study, and the level to which it enables job candidates of both gender with various degrees of educational attainment. It also evaluates the capacity of both the public and private industries to attract and retain this demographic, as well as the potential challenges and solutions, particularly in light of the challenging security, political, and economic conditions that Iraq has experienced. The inductive method was used through data analysis to reach the conclusions. Data was collected from multiple sources, including the International Labour Organization, the World Bank, and statistics and reports issued by official Iraqi bodies. This research covers the period following 2003, with particular emphasis on 2020 and 2021, drawing on the most recent available data. These two years reflect Iraq's economic reality more than two decades after that turning point, and they help illuminate the persistent gap between labor market requirements and educational outputs—a gap that has given rise to numerous structural problems in the economy, unemployment chief among them. The research problem lies in the disconnect between educational outputs and labor market needs, which has worsened in recent years as a result of a lack of economic diversification and the limited capacity of the private sector to absorb graduates. The significance of the research is derived from the fact that it addresses a crisis that is deeply ingrained in Iraqi society and necessitates solutions. There have been numerous issues related to occupation and the increase in the proportion of jobless

Abstract

This essay examines how important anti-monopoly and competition laws are for promoting global collaboration, economic expansion, and avoiding market distortions. The report emphasizes Iraq's desire to use competition laws as a springboard for a larger plan to develop trade and economic ties domestically and abroad. The study examines how Iraq might adopt and modify comparable frameworks to support free market policies, improve consumer welfare, and promote industrial growth by comparing them to the United Arab Emirates' (UAE) effective implementation of competition legislation. Based on the UAE's strategy, the study suggests actions Iraq should take to create strong competition laws, such as bolstering judicial processes, strengthening regulatory frameworks, and boosting institutional capabilities. These initiatives seek to advance sustainable economic growth and bring Iraq into compliance with international norms. Iraq may foster a fair, competitive environment that draws investment and advances its sociopolitical and economic goals by putting in place a regulatory framework influenced by the UAE's experience. To guarantee the efficient execution and supervision of competition laws, the report suggests collaborating with regional partners like the United Arab Emirates and launching extensive reforms in Iraq's regulatory agencies.

Abstract

This essay discusses the many obstacles Iraq must overcome as it negotiates the swift digital transition brought about by new technology. Iraq urgently needs updated legal frameworks to handle sophisticated digital crimes that impede fair competition in light of the country's growing digital economy and emerging technical frontiers. The dynamics of digital markets cannot be adequately regulated by current anti-monopoly and competition laws since they are unable to keep up with dangers unique to the digital sphere, like information crimes. The effectiveness of Iraq's current legal, regulatory, and judicial systems in thwarting monopolistic behaviors and fostering competition in the digital age is examined in this paper. The study suggests a multifaceted strategy for bolstering Iraq's legal framework and competition laws, starting with significant investments in digital infrastructure and public-private cooperation. Increasing worker specialization, raising awareness of digital crimes, updating competition rules to match technology advancements, and broadening digital access across areas are some of the main recommendations. The report also calls on government agencies, business players, and non-governmental organizations to coordinate their activities and promotes international alliances to build technical oversight capacities. Iraq can strengthen its position in the global digital economy, encourage fair competition, and support economic growth by putting in place a robust digital regulatory framework

Abstract

This paper examines the potential transition from traditional budgeting to performance budgeting (PB) in Iraq, with a focus on the Government Program (GP). It explores the historical underpinnings of budgetary practices in Iraq, critiques the limitations of traditional budgeting, and delineates the potential of GP as a catalyst for the implementation of performance budgeting. The study utilizes a qualitative approach, analyzing policy documents and drawing parallels with global trends and empirical studies to assess the adaptability of performance budgeting in the Iraqi context. The findings suggest that GP embodies the foundational elements of performance budgeting. The study concludes with strategic recommendations for successful performance budgeting implementation in Iraq.

Abstract

The research addressed the possibility of achieving economic reform in Iraq based on the directions of the competent international institutions, of which Iraq is a member or observer, as institutions possessing great capabilities and experience accumulated from more than 190 member states in these institutions. For this reason, the research included two main points: the theoretical framework for economic reform and international institutions. The second point dealt with the international institutions’ vision for economic reform in Iraq, in addition to The most important conclusions and recommendations reached by the research focused on the weak points that Iraq suffers from. The research also recommended a number of points, including the necessity of benefiting from the expertise of these institutions in the economic and social fields in a way that reflects the achievement of the public interest of Iraqi society. At the end of the research, the approved sources for the research were established so that the subject would be completed to the extent possible to achieve the objectives from which it was launched.

Abstract

In this work, we do a comprehensive examination of the mechanisms of magneto-optical amplification in silicon nanostructured photodetectors, including laser-assisted fabrication and coupling with an external magnetic field. The performance of photodetectors is improved by the crystallinity of Au@Pb core-shell nanoparticles being greatly improved by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) under magnetic field. The experimental results demonstrate that the responsivity is enhanced from 0.220 A/W to 0.445 A/W at 550 nm with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 95% and a specific detectivity of 2.1 × 1013 Jones with the applied magnetic field of 0.3 T. The primary physical processes are the change of hot electron trajectories by Lorentz force, giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in hybrid metal-semiconductor devices and the Purcell enhancement in magneto-dielectric nanostructures. This work offers the theoretical and practical framework for next-generation silicon-compatible magneto-optical detectors for quantum sensing, optical magnetometry and weak-signal detection

Abstract

The banking crisis occurs in the banking system when cash withdrawals from all types of bank accounts by bank customers suddenly rise, that is, when the bank’s or financial institution’s liabilities are greater than financial assets and then its inability to cover the liabilities, then the cash and its equivalents are not guaranteed. The quality of the loan portfolio and the increase in bad loans from it have an impact on the financial position, and for this reason and in the aftermath of the recent financial crisis (2008), the International Accounting Standards Board, in cooperation with international organizations, issued the International Financial Reporting Standard (9) to recalculate the expected credit losses of financial instruments according to scientific grounds To avoid defaulting in debt repayment, the research focused on the challenges facing commercial and Islamic banks in Iraq in implementing the guiding regulations issued by the Central Bank of Iraq, which mandated the application of the standard as of 2019 in light of the capabilities available in those banks.
With the aim of the research to shed light on the requirements of the standard IFRS-9) and procedures for banks in the application of the standard and the role of the Central Bank of Iraq in monitoring banks to ensure that those requirements are met. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the timing of the application of the standard is not appropriate due to the circumstances that Iraq is going through, and many commercial activities have stopped due to the outbreak of the Corona virus with the decline in oil prices. 2019 until a later time until the appropriate environment for the application is available

Abstract

This research analyzes an important topic, namely how to address the phenomenon of unemployment and reduce its prevalence by attracting qualified individuals and raising the level of employment of the national workforce to appropriate productivity levels. Unemployment has begun to affect important sectors within the country due to its various repercussions, but addressing it cannot be done quickly; rather, it requires time and gradual measures. Iraq needs to create new job opportunities and attract qualified individuals and graduates from technical, engineering, medical, and other colleges, in order to stimulate the national economy as a whole. Today's world is witnessing many significant negative social impacts, including family disintegration and rising crime rates. To achieve economic balance and improve the quality of human life, sustained efforts should be made to create a supportive environment through education, continuous training, healthcare, and social protection networks. These measures can contribute to promoting economic growth and productivity, as well as innovation and creativity. This includes adopting strategic policies for talent management, harnessing the potential of young people, developing competencies, and aligning employees' skills to create coordination and coherence with the organization's objectives, while also improving the organizational environment.

Abstract

The categorization of higher education institutions is a contemporary and significant issue that attracts considerable attention, particularly among non-governmental institutions. In the context of Iraqi private universities, which operate in a challenging environment, achieving appropriate university classifications presents numerous difficulties. Therefore, it is essential to take these factors into account when evaluating these institutions.

The researcher conducted a study involving a sample of 280 individuals occupying positions such as dean, associate dean, or department head. To gather data, interviews served as the primary method of data collection. Additionally, efforts were made to incorporate insights from recent graduates, international recruiters, and various websites dedicated to university students and staff. This approach aimed to ensure the accuracy of the data collected and to validate the standards employed in the study.

The investigation yielded several significant findings. Notably, the marketing efforts of Iraqi private universities play a critical role in enhancing both their local and global rankings. The study concluded that these universities can improve their standings in both local and international rankings by implementing strategies that enhance their online presence while ensuring high levels of satisfaction among graduates and employers.

Abstract

The research focuses on calculating the expected credit risks according to the IFRS9 9 standard and how to apply this standard in the National Bank of Iraq. IFRS9 9 is an accounting standard that deals with the classification, financial value of financial assets and the management of risks related to them. Modern accounting standards require considering the financial risks of loans and other financial products owned by the bank. The IFRS9 9 standard aims to supply a comprehensive credit risk management system and supply a probable estimate of expected losses on loans and other financial products. The process of calculating the expected credit risk by the IFRS9 9 standard includes several main steps. First, financial products should be classified according to the degree of expected risk. This classification is based on the quantitative and qualitative information relevant to the bank and the credit risk assessment for each category. After that, the expected credit size for each category is decided based on forecasting models and risk estimates. These models are based on a set of accounting, economic and business standards. Historical data and current information are used to decide the expected credit volume and the possible risks entailed by financial portfolios. According to accounting standards, banks must include the expected credit volume in periodic financial reports and constantly update it. This helps third parties, such as investors and regulators, to understand the bank's exposure to credit risks and the efficiency of the bank's risk management. This process is reflected in the volume of credit applied at the National Bank of Iraq by improving the bank's understanding of credit risks and thus the ability to make better decisions in granting loans and managing risks. The aim of this research is to study the calculation of expected credit risks following the IFRS9 9 standard and analyze their impact on the credit volume in its application at the National Bank of Iraq. The focus is on understanding the details of the standard and how to apply it to improve risk management and make better decisions in granting loans. Through this research, we have concluded that calculating the expected credit risks by IFRS9 contributes to enhancing the bank's understanding of credit risks and improving its efficiency in risk management, and the correct application of the standard helps in supplying more transparent and predictable financial reporting of potential losses. Based on the findings, there are some recommendations for improving risk management at the National Bank of Iraq and applying the IFRS9 standard. The bank should strengthen its technical capabilities to collect and analyze financial data and credit ratings in a more correct and effective manner, and the bank should supply continuous training to employees on the standard and methods of its implementation and the use of proper predictive models to calculate the expected credit risks. Finally, the bank should give financial reports in an organized and transparent manner, explaining the expected credit volume and the potential risks entailed by this volume. This will help investors and regulators understand the extent of the bank's exposure to credit risks and the efficiency of the bank's risk management.

Abstract

As the stock market becomes increasingly important as a primary driver of economic development, understanding the fundamentals that influence the development of these markets becomes crucial. This topic provides a comprehensive review of the basic foundations of the stock market, with a focus on market models in Jordan and Iraq. It explains the impact of economic, political and legislative stability on the attractiveness of investments and investor confidence in the market stressing the importance of understanding investor culture and its impact on investment decision making, in light of the current economic transformations.

Due to the fluctuations experienced by the stock market in Iraq as a result of the economic and political conditions in the country, the prices of stocks and bonds vary constantly between high and low, and this greatly affects economic activity there. This topic aims to explain the state of the stock market in Iraq, explain the basic foundations on which this market must be based, and compare it with the stock market in Jordan.

It is clear that the economic environment reflects economic policy and the factors affecting it. As the state of the economy in the country greatly affects the stock market, the presence of a stable economic environment increases confidence among investor and traders in the market, and the culture of investors and their understanding of financial risks and investment opportunities is affected by the economic environment.

Political stability gives internal and external investments confidence to invest in the financial market, while political turmoil can lead to a decline in confidence and a reduction in investment, providing a stable security environment in the stock market in Iraq leads to a noticeable development in its laws and regulations.

Abstract

This study explores the impact of entrepreneurial resilience and entrepreneurial success. A researcher conducted a survey of entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized companies in Zakho city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to understand the extent to which flexibility affects company growth and success. They used the descriptive analytical approach to analyse the survey data. The questionnaire was the primary approach to data gathering. Data analysis was performed using both SPSS v26 and Smart PLS v 4.0.9. (82) questionnaires were collected from a total of 95 survey cases. The findings of this study show a substantial and statistically significant effect of entrepreneurial resilience on entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurial resilience is critical to increasing a company's effectiveness and profitability by addressing immediate and continuous difficulties that force it to seek out possibilities, innovate, and face risks. While these results are convincing in the context of the study, it is necessary to be careful when generalizing them to other corporate settings. Further research is recommended to delve deeper into the nuances of entrepreneurial resilience across diverse contexts. This study contributes valuable insights for entrepreneurs seeking to improve performance through entrepreneurial resilience. Through understanding and leveraging forecasting and forcing conditions, organizations can promote better outcomes and achieve success.

Abstract

Public expenditures undertaken by the government are the basic element in providing the public life requirements of individuals and thus achieving development goals in general. However، public expenditures in Iraq are characterized by the fact that a large portion of them goes as current expenditures، while a small portion of them is directed to investment in various economic sectors، including health. education and others. Therefore، the research concluded that there is a large deficit in Iraq between the great actual need for services and achieving the planned development requirements and the low actual reality، especially in the health sector. The research recommended that there should be special attention in this sector by the government to ensure Sustainable annual growth in providing and improving these services to all individuals in Iraq in order to achieve the sustainable development goals that the United Nations seeks to achieve until 2030.

Abstract

The study aims to identify the conceptual framework of sustainable accounting and the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in enhancing corporate reporting. Furthermore, it demonstrates the impact of adopting sustainability accounting on the financial reporting of a sample of five companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange from the year (2019) to the year (2022). The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach using the SPSS program. The main findings reveal the absence of a statistically significant relationship regarding the influence of disclosure in financial reports to apply sustainability standards on investors' decisions, as well as the absence of a significant relationship between the impact of sustainability accounting and the quality of financial reports. Integrating AI tools—such as machine learning and automated ESG analytics—can bridge these gaps by improving data accuracy, reducing reporting bias, and enhancing transparency. The study recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which is obligating auditors specialized in the profession of auditing companies not to express an opinion on the validity of financial reports if they are devoid of sustainability accounting reports and supported AI-driven disclosure metrics.

Abstract

The aim of the research is to provide a theoretical introduction to the ethics of the auditing profession with a review of the role of ethics in the auditing profession in achieving and enhancing the quality of auditing for auditors working in a sample of audit offices operating in Iraq, as the sample consisted of (50) auditor offices, and to achieve the research objectives, the two researchers prepared a questionnaire It included (25) items, and they were analyzed using the statistical program (SPSS). The two researchers reached a number of results, the most prominent of which are:
1. There is a high commitment of the auditor in Iraq to the ethical codes of the auditing profession, which contributed to achieving the quality of auditing.
2. The ethical codes of auditing profession adopted in Iraq do not fully contribute to the economic and social welfare of society.
3. There is a statistically significant relationship between the auditors ’commitment to ethical behavior and the quality of the audit work, as the responses of the research sample showed a clear agreement on the existence of the relationship.
In light of this, a number of recommendations were presented, the most important of which are:
1. The necessity for the Board of Auditing and Auditing Profession in Iraq to hold sessions and seminars dealing with the rules of ethical behavior, especially with regard to honesty and avoiding personal judgments and whims, except within narrow and professionally justified limits.
2. The necessity of activating the role of monitoring committees in the auditing profession council to perform its supervisory role on all aspects of auditing, especially limiting the negative impacts of the beneficiaries on auditing processes.
3. The need to pay attention to the dimension of professional requirements by setting policies and procedures that affirm and commit the auditor to adhere to the principles of independence, objectivity and integrity

Abstract

The research aimed to identify how to build models for selecting the optimal mix of investment portfolios, as well as presenting the stock returns of fifty-four companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange to facilitate investors' choice of the best investment alternatives by comparing stock returns with the financial market returns. Using monthly data spanning the period from March 2020 to May 2024, the research examined fifty-four companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, covering all traded sectors. The research also demonstrated the importance of beta analysis (β) in classifying stocks into defensive and offensive, which helps investors build balanced financial portfolios that manage risks more effectively. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the pricing of capital assets depends on two important factors: the risk premium and the beta value. Consequently, any increase in either of these factors will be directly reflected in the prices of corporate assets.

Abstract

This essay looks at Iraq's attempts to stabilize its administrative and economic sectors in the face of difficulties brought on by both internal and foreign causes that have put a strain on the country's resources. The necessity for regulatory changes, especially the enactment and enforcement of an Anti-Monopoly Law (AML), has been highlighted by problems including excessive unemployment, a lack of public funding, and pervasive administrative inefficiencies. This law is essential for combating corruption and governmental monopoly activities, which have hampered public sector performance and caused administrative disarray. The study looks at how unfair practices that compromise justice and equitable governance have been sustained in Iraq's administrative sector due to ineffective AML enforcement. This study illustrates the advantages of adopting AML in reducing anti-competitive practices and promoting fair market dynamics by comparing China's Anti-Monopoly Law with an examination of Mexican anti-competitive laws. Iraq can significantly improve administrative performance and ensure fair competition by putting in place a strong AML framework that restricts government overreach and lessens cooperation between public officials and private entities. This will ultimately support a more balanced economy and fairer governance.     

Abstract

The research aimed to shed light on the most important reasons that led to the spread of expatriate workers in Iraq and their role in economic, development. The problem of the research was to know the most important reasons for the movement of expatriate workers and how this labor affects economic activity. The research hypothesis was that expatriate workers have impacts, whether Positive or negative on many macroeconomic variables such as employment, unemployment, and gross domestic product. The research was determined spatially in Iraq and for the period between 2013-2022. The research relied on the inductive approach based on the descriptive method. The most important conclusions reached by the research were the acquisition of expatriate workers on Most of the job opportunities are available in Iraq, especially after the openness that Iraq witnessed after 2003 AD, and employers have sought help from them significantly due to their low wages and the ability to work long hours compared to Iraqi workers. The most important recommendations were the necessity of developing laws that control the income of these workers, and imposing an income tax because a large portion of the income of these workers is transferred to their homes, which negatively affects the Iraqi economy.

Abstract

Research and studies related to electronic payments and the indicators of the Iraq Stock Exchange hold significant importance as they represent one of the fundamental elements contributing to economic progress. This research aims to measure the impact of electronic payments on the trading volume index in the Iraq Stock Exchange. To achieve this goal, the unit root will be tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test and the Phillips-Perron test, and cointegration will be tested using the) ARDL (model according to the outputs of the) Eviews13(econometric software. The research concluded that there is a positive relationship between electronic payment indicators (amounts of electronic checks, value of bank transfers, retail payment system transfers) and the trading volume index in the Iraq Stock Exchange. The research recommends enhancing online electronic trading to help investors quickly identify trading indicators and stock prices of listed companies, which leads to increased trading activity in the Iraq Stock Exchange. This can be achieved by organizing workshops and educational seminars to provide detailed information on modern technologies used in the market

Abstract

Economic diversification is a major concern for economists and policymakers alike. Various countries strive to achieve the highest levels of economic diversification in their economic programs. Economic diversification is also crucial for poverty reduction in Iraq, particularly through developing and creating job opportunities by expanding the agricultural, industrial, and renewable energy sectors. This study attempts to present an approach to economic diversification policies and addressing and reducing poverty in Iraq, based on theoretical principles from modern economic literature and objective data from the Iraqi economy. This includes examining the phenomenon of poverty, efforts to combat it, and the potential for economic diversification within the general budget and financial system. This forward-looking vision can be used to develop a policy that contributes to economic diversification, thereby mitigating economic fluctuations, achieving stability, increasing economic growth, and eliminating unemployment and, consequently, poverty The research problem adopts the topic that Iraq is one of the quartile countries that depend on a single economic resource, namely oil, to finance public spending. In the event that the macro economy is exposed to external and internal shocks such as the decline in oil prices, in addition to the mortgage crisis, as well as the COVID-19 pandemic, this will lead to a state of financial deficit. Therefore, it is better to rely on economic diversification, which does not allow the economy to be subject to sectors that use raw materials, and to expand economic activities, renewable energy, increase competitiveness, and create added value for the economy as a whole, which leads to reducing poverty.

Abstract

Despite Iraq's vast natural resources and its adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) since 2015, poverty rates remain high and income inequality widens. This reflects the limited capacity of the Iraqi economy to translate economic growth into tangible improvements in welfare and human development. This raises questions about the nature and extent of the short- and long-term impact of poverty and income inequality on the path to sustainable development. This study aimed to analyze the impact of poverty and income inequality on sustainable development in Iraq, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), during the period 2015–2023. The study employed a descriptive, analytical, quantitative approach using annual time series data. The Autoregressive Distributed Limiting (ARDL) model was applied due to its suitability for the data type, small sample size, and ability to handle mixed integration ranks. Unit root tests, bounds tests, and diagnostic tests were conducted to verify the model's validity and stability. The study's findings revealed a long-term equilibrium relationship between poverty, income inequality, and human development in Iraq, with statistically significant effects of these two variables on the long-term Human Development Index (HDI). Furthermore, the ECM error correction model demonstrated short-term dynamics and a gradual adjustment towards long-term equilibrium, confirming that poverty and income inequality constitute structural obstacles to achieving sustainable development. The study recommends adopting integrated economic and social policies to reduce poverty, ensure equitable income distribution, improve the efficiency of public spending in education and health, and strengthen economic governance in Iraq.

Abstract

Despite Iraq's vast natural resources and its adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) since 2015, poverty rates remain high and income inequality widens. This reflects the limited capacity of the Iraqi economy to translate economic growth into tangible improvements in welfare and human development. This raises questions about the nature and extent of the short- and long-term impact of poverty and income inequality on the path to sustainable development. This study aimed to analyze the impact of poverty and income inequality on sustainable development in Iraq, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), during the period 2015–2023. The study employed a descriptive, analytical, quantitative approach using annual time series data. The Autoregressive Distributed Limiting (ARDL) model was applied due to its suitability for the data type, small sample size, and ability to handle mixed integration ranks. Unit root tests, bounds tests, and diagnostic tests were conducted to verify the model's validity and stability. The study's findings revealed a long-term equilibrium relationship between poverty, income inequality, and human development in Iraq, with statistically significant effects of these two variables on the long-term Human Development Index (HDI). Furthermore, the ECM error correction model demonstrated short-term dynamics and a gradual adjustment towards long-term equilibrium, confirming that poverty and income inequality constitute structural obstacles to achieving sustainable development. The study recommends adopting integrated economic and social policies to reduce poverty, ensure equitable income distribution, improve the efficiency of public spending in education and health, and strengthen economic governance in Iraq.

Abstract

The role of small and medium enterprises is essential in economic and social development and is the focus of attention of governments and international organizations, most notably the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Their importance increases in developing countries because they represent the only realistic prospects for economic development and an effective tool for addressing the problem of unemployment and poverty there. The research aims to clarify the concept of small and medium enterprises and their role in achieving comprehensive economic and social development in Iraq in the current and future stages. The descriptive and deductive approaches were followed, in an attempt to link small and medium enterprises and sustainable development in the Iraqi economy in this research. Small and medium enterprises face a number of obstacles that limit their contribution and effectiveness in sustainable development in Iraq, then explaining the most important details in order to develop appropriate solutions for them. In this research, we will focus on several concepts for small and medium enterprises and shed light on the most important conclusions, including that the private sector of small and medium enterprises is in dire and necessary need of government support to be able to advance and develop. In conclusion, a number of recommendations were presented for the development of small and medium enterprises, and we hope that they will be of assistance in the research topic, including the urgent need for the Iraqi government to play an important role in creating supportive regulatory frameworks through collective funds and other mechanisms, establishing microfinance units in the Ministry of Trade and the Central Bank of Iraq to provide the necessary consultations for the work of small projects.

Abstract

The research aims to measure and analyze the correlations between the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index (RISX) and the returns of commodity markets represented by the returns of the OPEC oil market (ROPEC), the returns of 21-carat gold market (RPG21), and the returns of the wheat market (RPW)), relying on monthly data for the period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2023, and using the Dynamic Conditional Correlation-GARCH (DCC-GARCH) model. To determine the extent of the impact of the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index and commodity market indicators on conditional volatilities, and whether there is a dynamic conditional relationship between these markets, the results showed negative relationships between the returns of ROPEC, RPW and the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index (RISX). This relationship may provide investors with an opportunity to diversify their portfolios and reduce overall risks. There are also positive relationships between the returns of commodity markets on one hand, and between the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index (RISX) and the returns of the gold market (RPG21) on the other hand. And these links indicate that the returns of all these markets tend to move in the same direction, which means that investors may not achieve diversification benefits by investing in all of these markets at the same time. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the openness of the Iraqi stock market and to seek to enhance its information technology and transparency in order to increase the capacity and smoothness of information flow to and from the market, giving local and foreign investors and brokers more ability to hedge and predict the expected correlations and fluctuations in those markets.

Abstract

Inflation is closely associated with all macroeconomic outcomes, including investment. An increase in inflation affects investment spending, leading to its decline and pushing the economy into a state of disequilibrium. Based on officially recorded data and other factors influencing the investment environment, several elements contributed to rising inflation rates during the study period, which necessitated government intervention to reduce these rates and stabilize the economy under such conditions. Given that the Iraqi economy is a rentier economy primarily dependent on oil, this has led to fluctuations in investment and its reliance on both operational and investment expenditures. The importance of this research lies in demonstrating the impact of inflation on private investment, as well as analyzing data related to inflation and private investment. The data were obtained from the Central Statistical Organization. The study also emphasizes the adoption of policies that ensure control over inflation in order to promote economic development by providing a suitable investment environment during this critical phase of the Iraqi economy. The focus on private rather than public investment is due to the comprehensive nature of public investment across all sectors, which would expand the scope of the paper beyond its limits. Therefore, private investment was selected as a representative model, given that both types are affected by inflation. The aim of the research is to analyze and estimate the impact of inflation on investment in Iraq for the period (1990–2022) through the use of the SPSS program. A simple linear regression equation was estimated, confirming that inflation (independent variable X) has a negative effect on investment (dependent variable Y), which is consistent with economic theory. The research also aims to identify key measures through which the Iraqi economy can formulate policies and adopt necessary procedures to control inflation, as well as to provide an appropriate investment environment to attract both domestic and foreign investors. Several results were obtained, most notably the clear fluctuation in inflation rates, as shown in Table (1), due to the political events experienced by Iraq during the study period. This, in turn, led to fluctuations in private investment rates, as shown in Table (2). The study confirms that inflation is one of the most important determinants of private investment and must be addressed and mitigated in order to attract more investments, thereby promoting development and increasing economic growth rates in Iraq. As for the recommendations, the most important include implementing direct monitoring and adopting measures aimed at transforming open inflation into controlled inflation, in addition to curbing increases in prices and wages to reduce inflationary pressures and achieve balance between supply and demand. Furthermore, the study recommends encouraging investment by attracting both domestic and foreign investors. The research consists of three sections. The first section examines inflation through analysis and estimation of a simple linear model (OLS), where inflation rates are treated as the dependent variable and time as the independent variable using SPSS. The estimation results reveal clear fluctuations over the period (1990–2022) due to the events experienced by Iraq, as well as an inverse relationship between time and inflation. The second section addresses the analysis and estimation of a simple linear model for private investment, showing an inverse relationship between time and private investment. The third section studies the relationship between inflation and private investment through analysis and estimation, revealing an inverse relationship between inflation rates and private investment, which is consistent with economic theory and will be further clarified in subsequent sections. Inflation was selected among many variables affecting investment due to its strong connection with the living burdens borne by citizens.

Abstract

The study aims to achieve several objectives, the most important of which is to analyze the nature of the financing behavior adopted by business companies, by measuring the impact of financing behavior—represented by short-term debt, common stock, and retained earnings—on Economic Value Added (EVA) using the EVA model for a selected sample of business companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange during the period from 2005 to 2024. The study relied on the descriptive-analytical approach to present the theoretical and analytical aspects of the research variables, and the quantitative approach to test the research hypotheses in order to address the research problem, which revolves around the question: To what extent does financing behavior affect the Economic Value Added of industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange? The study assumes a main hypothesis positing the existence of a statistically significant impact of financing behavior on the economic value of industrial companies. To test the research hypotheses, time series data and multiple linear regression analysis were employed. The results revealed a statistically significant negative impact of common stock financing on Economic Value Added, a statistically significant positive impact of retained earnings financing on Economic Value Added, and no significant impact of short-term financing on Economic Value Added.

The study concludes with a set of recommendations for financial decision-makers in the business companies of the study sample to help enhance their economic value, including: adopting an effective financing policy that ensures the optimal use of shares as a financing tool, achieving a balance between equity financing and debt financing.

Abstract

Public spending is one of the most important tools used by governments to achieve their economic and social goals, studying the relationship between public spending and inflation in Iraq is one of the important and vital topics, especially in light of the challenges facing the Iraqi economy such as oil price fluctuations and thus fluctuations in financial revenues, and the correct public spending management through which inflation rates can be monitored and controlled.

The research aimed to measure and analyze the impact of public spending on inflation in Iraq through the use of modern standard methods where the threshold model was used (Threshold Regression), as the research found that there are four thresholds during the research period, in the first threshold the relationship was positive between public spending and the inflation rate when the inflation rate is less than (3.699%), and that the increase in public spending by one unit It will lead to an increase in the inflation rate by (0.040%) before reaching this threshold, but in the value of the second threshold of inflation and after exceeding the rate of (3.699%), it is less than (4.399%) and that increasing  public spending by one unit will also lead to an increase in the inflation rate by (0.216%) before reaching this threshold, while the third threshold for the inflation rate after exceeding the rate of (4.399%), which is less than (6.399%) and that Increasing public spending by one unit will lead to an increase in the inflation rate by (40.26%) before reaching this threshold, while the fourth and last threshold for an inflation rate is greater than or equal to (6.399%), and that increasing public spending by one unit will lead to an increase in the inflation rate by (0.419%) before reaching this threshold. The research concluded with a number of proposals, the most prominent of which is the need for decision-makers to follow up the levels of public spending carefully at low spending levels. There may not be a significant impact on inflation in the future, and monitoring spending at high levels, there may be a significant impact that requires arbitrary policies to prevent hyperinflation.

Abstract

Rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed the urban infrastructure because it is possible to interconnect systems that can improve transportation, healthcare, security, energy management, and public services. Implementation of IoT network in Iraqi cities faces numerous constraints including lack of infrastructural development, network saturation, unstable connections, poor cybersecurity and lack of resource management. These factors largely affect dependability and functionality of smart city applications. This paper examined how Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods applied to improve IoT network performance in Iraqi cities through effective data routing, predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, bandwidth optimization, and intelligent resource management. Machine learning, Deep Learning and reinforcement learning methods were commonly used methods to address the conditions of dynamic networks and maximize operational efficiency. The study aims at the application of AI techniques to strengthen current IoT systems to enhance scalability, minimize latency, enhance security, and energy efficiency. The research, based on analytical modeling and comparative performance analysis, shows that AI-based IoT systems significantly improve technological resilience of cities and assist Iraq in the development of smart cities. The results offer viable advice to policy makers, network engineers and urban planners who wish to develop modern cities in Iraq using intelligent technology.

Abstract

This research aimed to investigate the strategic role of Strategic Renewal (across its core dimensions: content, context, and process) in mitigating Organizational Anomie and its behavioral and value-based manifestations (anomie/normlessness, organizational cynicism, and the absence of values) within the dynamic organizational environment of Zain Iraq for Telecommunications. To achieve the research objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted. Data were collected through a specially designed questionnaire distributed to a purposive sample of leaders and administrators within the company. The data were analyzed using SPSS, employing descriptive statistical methods (Arithmetic Means and Standard Deviations) and inferential statistics (Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Simple Linear Regression). The results revealed high levels of both strategic renewal practices and organizational anomie within the surveyed company. Furthermore, a statistically significant inverse correlation was identified between the two variables, indicating that higher levels of strategic renewal are associated with a decrease in organizational anomie. Regression analysis further demonstrated that the dimensions of strategic renewal collectively explain 60% of the variance in organizational anomie, with the "Process" dimension exerting the strongest impact, followed by "Context" and "Content." The research concludes that strategic renewal serves as an effective entry point for curbing value-based and behavioral disintegration (anomie) in organizations operating in rapidly changing environments; however, its effectiveness is maximized when it encompasses processes and a supportive organizational context, rather than being limited to strategic content alone. The study recommends that the company's management focus on enhancing the value-driven and cultural aspects of renewal while bridging the trust gap between management and employees to achieve more integrated and sustainable strategic renewal

Abstract

Monopolistic practices in Iraq’s dietary supplement and health food markets have created a dual burden: rising prices and declining quality. These dynamics limit consumer access to essential nutrients and compromise public health outcomes. Dietary supplements and fortified health foods are essential in preventing deficiencies and addressing gaps in nutrition, especially in fragile health systems such as Iraq’s, where decades of conflict and economic sanctions have undermined food security and health infrastructure. Yet, monopolistic control by a handful of distributors has led to inflated costs, restricted availability, and potential risks of counterfeit or substandard products.

This study evaluates the effects of monopolistic structures on consumer health by examining the availability, pricing, and quality of dietary supplements and health foods in Iraq. Employing a mixed methods approach, it combines quantitative price analysis with qualitative interviews to capture consumer experiences and expert insights. Findings are expected to reveal significant disparities in accessibility and quality when compared with international standards.

The study contributes to both academic discourse and public policy by filling a critical knowledge gap about how monopolistic practices in Iraq’s health-related markets affect consumer well-being. It offers evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, regulators, and public health stakeholders to promote market fairness, improve access, and safeguard consumer health.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the trends of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Iraq in light of customs and investment reforms during the period (2004–2025), as key determinants of improving the investment climate. The importance of the research lies in assessing the actual impact of customs and legislative reforms on the volume and quality of FDI inflows over a long time horizon. The research problem stems from the unclear ability of these reforms, despite their multiplicity, to generate sustainable investment transformation and diversify investment structures away from the oil sector. The study is based on the hypothesis that gradual customs transformation—particularly in its modernization and digitalization phase—positively influences FDI trends, although this impact remains partial due to persistent institutional and legislative challenges. The research adopts a quantitative analytical approach by examining trends in FDI inflows, customs revenues, and foreign trade volumes, and by comparing average indicators across three economic stages to measure the impact of customs and investment reforms on.

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the economic imbalances caused by local factors related to the nature of overall activity. These imbalances can be commodity-based, stemming from imbalances in aggregate supply and demand; financial, from imbalances in the general budget; or monetary, from imbalances between the supply and demand for money. Within this research framework, we can focus on the occurrence of these imbalances and their impact on deepening poverty, especially given that the Iraqi economy suffers from a set of structural imbalances: a rentier economy and dependence on crude oil, coupled with a clear weakness in the contribution of other productive sectors such as agriculture and industry. This has led to weak economic diversification and income inequality. The research is based on the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between structural imbalances and high poverty rates in Iraq. To test this hypothesis, the descriptive and analytical methods were used, examining economic sectors and analyzing the evolution of poverty rates. The research concluded that dependence on a rentier economy, the inefficiency of fiscal policies and income redistribution, as well as developmental disparities between governorates, have all contributed to deepening poverty and fluctuating its rates. The results also showed that improvements in poverty levels were temporary and dependent on... The increase in oil revenues is a direct result of economic policies, and based on this, the research recommends diversifying income sources, strengthening the role of productive sectors, and improving the efficiency of economic and social policies to reduce structural imbalances and decrease poverty rates in Iraq.

Abstract

 The problem of the housing sector is considered one of the most important problems that the Iraqi society has suffered from since the fifties of the last century, for several reasons, such as the large and rapid population increase that occurred in recent decades, and the accompanying large-scale migration from rural areas to city centers, and reasons related to the political, economic and security conditions.  In addition to the weakness of the financing system due to weak financing policies supporting housing, as the crisis increased due to the growing housing need, which is estimated at about (3) million housing units, so the Central Bank pursued an unconventional monetary policy to activate the real economic sectors, including the housing sector, in order to alleviate the severity of the crisis  housing in Iraq, and the Real Estate Bank has played a major role in providing real estate loans and alleviating the housing crisis under the initiative of the Central Bank of Iraq.

Abstract

This study presents a machine learning-based framework for predicting and analyzing student academic performance using behavioral, psychological, demographic, and digital learning features. The dataset consists of 14,003 student records collected from higher education institutions in 2024 and obtained from Kaggle. It includes 16 variables covering study behaviors, engagement patterns, learning resources, psychological factors, and demographic characteristics. The target variable (response) was Final Grade, which was categorized into four performance levels: Low / Fail / Poor performance, below average performance, Good / Average performance, and Excellent / High performance, representing overall academic performance. Three machine learning algorithms XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting), CatBoost (Categorical Boosting), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were applied to classify student performance levels. The models were evaluated using confusion matrices, accuracy, F1-score, MCC, R², RMSE, MAE, and feature importance analysis. Results show that XGBoost achieved the highest performance (99.96% accuracy), followed by CatBoost (99.82%) and SVM (98.96%). Analysis of the importance analysis revealed that Exam Score is the most influential predictor across all models. The study highlights the effectiveness of advanced machine learning techniques in predicting academic success and supporting data-driven educational decision-making.

Abstract

The banking sector is one of the sectors most exposed to risks and the reason is due to the nature of the work of banks that is linked to a group of risks directly. Therefore, it is necessary for the bank to have an efficient and efficient internal control through which it can control the bank’s resources from the risk of waste and loss.

Therefore, the idea of establishing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision came from the banks’ need to strengthen the internal control and increase its solidity to face risks effectively. The increase and exacerbation of global indebtedness, especially in developing countries, so if the banks are committed to applying the requirements of Basel III, this will help reduce risks and control the available resources and reduce.

As for the research sample, it included three private commercial banks, which are the Iraqi Union Bank, Ashur International Bank and Al-Mansour Investment Bank.

  The research reached a set of results, including that the requirements of Basel III came to keep pace with the banks of developed countries, and that it is possible to cover the risks they face from their capital, which in turn represents a challenge for banks of developing countries due to the difficulty of implementing these requirements and that the internal control of banks is in their interest to apply all the requirements Basel III to increase its durability and strength to face the risks it may be exposed to.

The research problem includes the extent to which banks operating in Iraq apply the requirements of Basel III and does the Central Bank of Iraq follow up on the application of these requirements periodically. For banks, the research sample is represented by three private commercial banks: Union Bank of Iraq, Ashur International Bank and Al-Mansour Investment Bank.

The researcher also relied on laws and legislations related to the subject of research, doctoral dissertations and relevant master’s theses, in addition to relevant Arab and foreign books and periodicals. Relationship to the subject matter.

Abstract

Sustainable supplier selection is an essential part of the decision-making process in sustainable supply chains. This choice is focusing on social, economic, and environmental criteria in evaluation of suppliers. Sustainable supplier selection approaches have used both qualitative and quantitative data. Therefore, it is meaningful to use scientific methods that treatment both quantitative and qualitative data, as well as multiple criteria. 

Analytical network process (ANP) is a one of the important multi-criteria decisions –making approaches.  Also, the ANP technique is a general form that allows possible independency among criteria factors. This paper aims to select the best suppliers using an (ANP) approach which helps decision-makers to reach the best strategy with correct decisions. Using ANP each criterion has its assign weight, which reflects its importance for the process of comparison between alternatives to suppliers. The presented approach consists of the three main steps:  the first step is to identify the criteria used in the comparison process between suppliers, the second step is to identify the decision matrix using AHP and the third step is to construct the super matrix and limiting super matrix and compare between the alternatives, and rank them from the best to the worst through using ANP. This work has used the data as in [30] which represents data for a company that has four suppliers and five criteria. The results show that the best supplier is supplier 2, which has weight equal to 39%. Also, our results are matching the AHP result that is presented in [30]. Moreover, this work can be extended for future work using fuzzy environment and real application such as Iraqi oil companies.

Abstract

Given the great importance of financial stocks and their significant role as one of the financial assets used in building the optimal investment portfolio, they are exposed to many risks, the most important of which is the decline in their market value. Therefore, our study addressed the reverse split method as a financial method used to raise the prices of financial stocks with low prices. A sample of Iraqi banks that suffer from A decrease in the level of share prices of (14) Iraqi banks for the period from 6/2014 to 6/2024, as the research aims to know the extent of the ability of the reverse segmentation method in building optimal investment portfolios when implementing the reverse segmentation, and two sides of the reverse segmentation were taken, which are the positive side represented by the rise in prices, as well as the negative side represented by the decrease Stock prices when implementing the reverse split, and the research aims to know the effect of this method on the returns and risks of stocks after its implementation, especially the returns and risks of portfolios that were built based on the cut rate as well as the performance of these portfolios, as it was found that the effect of the reverse split of stocks was found whether at a rise in the price level or at a fall in stock prices after its implementation, and that the returns The risk levels increased more when prices rose after the reverse split than when prices fell. The research results also showed that the optimal portfolio’s return when prices rose after the reverse split was higher than the portfolio’s return after the price decline. However, the risk of the optimal investment portfolio when prices fell after the reverse split was higher, the risk of the investment portfolio is higher when prices rise after implementation. The reverse split did not play any role in improving the performance of the investment portfolio whether prices rose or fell. Therefore, investment portfolio managers who seek to achieve high levels of returns regardless of the level of risk associated with those returns should buy shares of banks that implemented the split decision. Reverse, and this requires the management of the Iraq Stock Exchange to include the reverse split within the procedures in effect in the Iraq Stock Exchange.

Abstract

The research This research aims to demonstrate the importance of financial statements, the determinants of their effectiveness, and their relationship to administrative decisions. The General Authority for Taxes and the General Authority of Customs, both affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Finance, are obligated to implement tax laws. Furthermore, a Tax Policy Department was established within the Economic Department of the Iraqi Ministry of Finance in 2005. This department is responsible for drafting tax laws and developing tax strategy in Iraq. Consequently, decision-makers, assessors, and auditors within the General Authority for Taxes are required to possess professional qualifications and skills that enable them to examine financial data at a high level, particularly data prepared according to International Accounting Standards. They are also responsible for providing electronic software to facilitate administrative decisions aimed at achieving fairness in the distribution of the tax burden, saving time, and enhancing trust between taxpayers and the tax authority. This has made administrative assessment the foundation of the practical application of tax accounting. The research successfully addresses two key questions: First, do financial statements encourage or discourage administrative decision-making? The second question is whether the Iraqi legislator succeeded in achieving a balance between the interests of the state, society, and taxpayers through the tax system. The methodology used in this research was deductive, employing a descriptive approach to analyze financial reports (2021-2023) and an inductive approach using econometric analysis to refute the initial hypothesis: (There is no relationship between financial statements and administrative decisions). This was demonstrated by the results of the assessment memoranda, which showed that the relationship between financial statements and administrative decisions is interconnected, representing a part-whole relationship, as they constitute a significant financial resource and their proportion in the state's public revenues has increased.

Abstract

Foreign trade is one of the basic sectors of any country's economy. It is of great importance in developing economic relations between countries worldwide, especially developed and developing countries, through the import and export of goods and services, both visible and invisible, and the movement of capital and gold trading. Foreign trade activities are usually carried out through the mechanism of linking the exchange rate of the local currency to foreign currencies. The importance of this study lies in highlighting the fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against a basket of foreign currencies, especially the US dollar. These fluctuations directly affect the economy in general and the costs of importing goods and services in particular. This study aims to measure and analyze the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on Iraqi imports for the period 2004–2023. To achieve the study objective, the study relied on time series data and used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the relationship between the dependent and explanatory variables in the long and short term. The study found a statistically significant positive relationship at the 5% level between the exchange rate and imports in the long term, which means that the rise in exchange rates in Iraq led to an increase in the volume of imports during the study period. based on these results, the study recommends the need to create a stable economic environment for the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against foreign currencies, especially the US dollar, in addition to strengthening the role of the Central Bank of Iraq in controlling the official and parallel exchange rates to limit their negative impact on the increase in consumer imports.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the role of banking digitalization in enhancing financial inclusion in Iraq by assessing the impact of digital banking services on empowering groups excluded from the formal financial system. The study adopts a quantitative analytical approach based on panel data from a sample of Iraqi commercial banks over the period 2015–2024. It examines financial inclusion indicators, including the number of newly opened bank accounts, the volume of electronic transactions, and the proportion of loans directed toward individuals and small businesses. These indicators are analyzed against banking digitalization measures, represented by the adoption of mobile and internet banking services and the volume of investments in technological infrastructure. Panel data regression models, namely Fixed Effects and Random Effects, are employed, in addition to the Hausman test to determine the most appropriate model. Instrumental Variables (IV) models are also used to address the potential issue of reverse causality between banking digitalization and the increasing demand for banking services. The results reveal a positive and statistically significant effect of banking digitalization on enhancing financial inclusion, particularly through increasing the use of electronic transactions and facilitating remote account opening. The findings also indicate variations in the magnitude of this effect between state-owned and private banks, with a greater impact observed among private banks, which demonstrate greater flexibility in adopting modern technologies. The study concludes that banking digitalization represents an effective pathway toward expanding financial inclusion in Iraq, provided that digital infrastructure is strengthened and public trust in electronic services is enhanced. The study offers several recommendations for policymakers and banks to improve access to financial services and empower financially underserved and unbanked populations.

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the impact of economic reform policies in Iraq, during the period 2005–2024, on poverty and unemployment, particularly in light of economic transformations and openness to the global economy. It focuses primarily on monetary and fiscal reforms. To achieve the research objective and test its hypothesis, the researchers employed a descriptive-analytical approach and statistical methods using composite growth rates to present and analyze the studied variables. This analysis relied on information and data from academic and official sources. The results showed that, despite a decrease in the composite growth rates of poverty and unemployment, this decrease was limited due to the lack of integration between monetary and fiscal policies and development policies that contribute to job creation and strengthen social safety nets. Furthermore, there was a lack of coordination between monetary and fiscal policies, and sometimes even between the policy instruments themselves, which negatively impacted efforts to reduce poverty and unemployment rates.

Abstract

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a fundamental element of sustainable business operations, highlighting how companies contribute to solving social and economic problems. Poverty reduction is one of the most pressing of these problems and remains a key objective of national and international development agendas. This study examines how accounting disclosure of CSR can support policies aimed at poverty reduction and improve transparent reporting for decision-making among stakeholders. An inductive approach was adopted to address the research problems and theoretically test the hypotheses to achieve the research objectives. Practically, the research employed a descriptive approach to analyse the results of a questionnaire distributed to a sample of companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. One of the most significant findings was a statistically significant relationship between accounting disclosure of CSR and sustainable development. The study concludes that the business sector's contribution to poverty reduction and sustainable development can be significantly enhanced through strong and consistent accounting disclosure of CSR.

Abstract

Despite the successive governments’ efforts to achieve the dimensions of sustainable development in Iraq, the current reality indicates that Iraq remains one of the countries lagging in this field. Therefore, this research analyzes the status of the banking sector in light of banking reforms and the capital market’s role in promoting and achieving the dimensions of sustainable development. It sheds light on some key indicators and concludes with a set of findings, the most important of which is that Iraq is still behind in realizing sustainable development due to the difficult circumstances it faces. These include the persistent deficit in the general budget, the lack of genuine efforts to achieve sustainable development, increasing environmental pollution, and the widespread phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption, all of which can undermine any development plan. The research concludes with a set of recommendations, the most significant of which are: monitoring the outcomes of strategic plans set by government institutions within their work programs and disclosing achievement rates in creating opportunities, employment, and realizing the benefits of large-scale production; strengthening cooperation between banks and the capital market by having banks offer diversified financial and investment services within the capital market; establishing green investment funds jointly financed by banks and investors to support sustainable development; and raising awareness among investors about the importance of sustainable development and their role in achieving it.

Abstract

Sovereign wealth funds are among the most important financial instruments used by rentier economies to manage financial surpluses generated from the exploitation of natural resources, particularly oil, with the aim of achieving macroeconomic stability and enhancing long-term financial sustainability. The importance of these funds is particularly pronounced in economies characterized by a high degree of dependence on oil revenues, given the cyclical fluctuations these revenues are subject to due to changes in global oil prices. This research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of sovereign wealth fund models in a number of rentier economies. This research also aims to analyze the current state of oil surplus management in Iraq and assess the challenges facing the effective utilization of these surpluses within an institutional and investment framework. The research employs a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach, analyzing leading international experiences in sovereign wealth fund management and evaluating their potential application in developing a suitable model for the Iraqi economy. Furthermore, the research analyzes the relationship between oil surplus management and economic stability, considering potential future scenarios for global oil markets.

Abstract

The rentier orientation of fiscal policy in Iraq after 2003 has led to an over-reliance on oil revenues and a neglect of the productive, operational, and financial role of non-oil sectors. This underscores the need to adopt a fiscal reform policy aimed at boosting non-oil revenues by focusing on the productive, operational, and financial role of the non-oil sector as a means to reduce unemployment, deprivation, and poverty rates. • This research is based on the premise that fiscal policy measures in Iraq have failed to achieve the necessary fiscal reforms to support the productive, operational, and financial role of non-oil productive activities. This has led to increased unemployment rates and, consequently, higher rates of multidimensional poverty. The research employs a deductive and descriptive-analytical approach. • The study recommends adopting fiscal reforms that diversify revenues by increasing non-oil revenues. This would broaden options, increase job opportunities, reduce unemployment and poverty rates, ensure access to employment for vulnerable groups, enhance the equitable distribution of income sources, and reduce poverty in its various dimensions in Iraq

Abstract

Standard multilayer dielectric beam splitter is limited by spectrum interference ripples, high production complexity and strict tolerance of the thickness. Here we report a compositionally tuned TiO2-SiO2 mixed dielectric thin film as an effective single-layer broadband beam splitter. The composite films were produced on glass substrates with pulsed laser deposition (PLD) which allowed fine control over layer thickness and equilibrium stoichiometry by varying the number of laser pulses. The TiO₂:SiO₂ ratio was optimized using the effective medium model of Lorentz-Lorenz to attain a refractive index in between (~1.95-2.05) for controlled amplitude division with no multilayer interference stacking. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study revealed a nanostructured mixed-phase morphology using crystallite sizes in the range of 16-46 nm, ideal for low-scattering optical applications. The transmission-reflection ratios were steady and adjustable from 65/35 to 80/20 with small spectral ripples (ΔT_ripple < 4%) as demonstrated by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy in the range 400–1100 nm. The experimental results agree well with transfer matrix method (TMM) simulations, which validates the effective refractive index technique. The suggested single-layer design outperforms existing multilayer designs in terms of structural complexity, thickness sensitivity and number of manufacturing processes, while maintaining broadband and spectrally flat optical performance. Here, we show a simple and scalable way to achieve broadband beam splitting by changing the refractive index in a single dielectric layer.

Abstract

The research dealt with the performance of developmental achievement in Iraq as an expression of a contemporary vision of sustainable development through the implementation of the 2030 sustainable development plan. future visions to activate it, with a focus on the importance of national levers to deal with crises, With a focus on the importance of national levers to deal with crises, and the research stems from the hypothesis that sustainable development is a historic opportunity for Iraq to reduce and overcome crisis (economic - health - and political) if they are adopted and achieve its goals. From the convictions formed through studies and dialogues of the Iraqi development performance, It has become necessary to draw a picture of the interventions that the Iraqi government, non-governmental and external actors can undertake to improve the quality and sustainability of quality of life through better provision of health services, reduce corruption and enhance human security.

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to study the impact of the presence of ISIS in Iraq on the reputation of joint-stock companies in this country. For this purpose, the accepted reputation of companies in the Iraqi Stock Exchange was measured through a regression model and using the hypothetical variable regarding the presence of ISIS in Iraq, the topic was investigated.

The method of conducting this research is descriptive-correlational, and the selected sample includes 35 companies that were listed on the Iraqi stock market during the years 2013 to 2018. The research hypotheses were tested using a multiple logistic regression model based on panel data.

   The results of this research indicate that there is a significant relationship between the presence of ISIS in Iraq and the reputation of companies accepted on the stock exchange of this country, which means that the reputation of companies on the Iraqi stock exchange decreased with the presence of ISIS in Iraq.

Keywords: company reputation, ISIS, Iraqi economy, logistic regression.

Abstract

This study aims to compare and improve the methods of building investment portfolios for a sample of Iraqi banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, by comparing traditional methods such as the Markowitz model with modern techniques based on machine learning. The Markowitz model is key to balancing return and risk across the medium-variance optimization framework, a traditional model that many financial institutions rely on. The study focused on exploring the extent to which machine learning techniques such as key component analysis (PCA), supporting vector machine (SVM), logistic regression, and random forest can improve the performance of the investment portfolios of these banks in a volatile environment such as the Iraq Stock Exchange. These techniques rely on processing and analyzing huge financial data to discover hidden patterns and relationships that help increase returns and reduce risk more effectively compared to traditional methods. The historical financial data related to the shares and assets of the banks of the research sample in the Iraq Stock Exchange was used to evaluate the performance of portfolios according to indicators such as expected return, variance, and Sharpe ratio. The study aims to provide innovative solutions that help banks make smarter and more effective investment decisions, commensurate with the local market conditions and the economic and political challenges they face.     

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the role of artificial intelligence in achieving sustainable economic growth and addressing unemployment in Iraq. It examines the current state of artificial intelligence technology adoption, the level of institutional and human readiness, and the impact of these factors on economic growth and labor market indicators within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. The significance of the study stems from the growing global reliance on artificial intelligence as a key driver of economic transformation, in contrast to the limited adoption of these technologies in the Iraqi economy, despite the structural challenges it faces, most notably unemployment and a lack of economic diversification. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on official data from the Ministry of Planning and the Central Statistical Organization, World Bank data, and the Scopus database. It also examines indicators of expenditure on education, research and development, and health during the period 2010–2024, with the aim of analyzing the relationship between artificial intelligence adoption, economic growth, and unemployment in Iraq. The study concludes that the contribution of artificial intelligence to achieving sustainable economic growth in Iraq remains limited due to weak digital infrastructure, low levels of investment in research and development, and the absence of a comprehensive national digital transformation strategy, despite the relative increase in the number of published scientific studies and growing official interest in modern technologies. The findings also indicate that artificial intelligence applications have the potential to improve productivity and enhance the efficiency of economic and service sectors. Nevertheless, their impact on addressing unemployment remains limited because educational outcomes are misaligned with the requirements of the digital labor market and because high-quality, knowledge-based employment opportunities remain scarce

Abstract

This research paper aims to analyze and measure the impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) spread on enhancing tax collection performance and mitigating tax evasion in Iraq over the period 2018–2022. The study adopts both descriptive-analytical and econometric approaches. A composite index—the Digital Financial Services Spread Index (DFSDI)—was constructed as the independent variable based on the density of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), Point of Sale (POS) terminals, and Point of Card (POC) payment devices, using the Min-Max normalization method. Tax collection performance (the dependent variable) was measured indirectly through the ratio of tax revenues to non-oil Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The empirical results using Pearson correlation analysis and Simple Linear Regression showed no statistically significant relationship or impact of the DFSDI index on the tax collection ratio at a significance level of )alpha = 0.05( The correlation coefficient was )r = -0.541( with a )p-value of 0.346(, and the coefficient of determination was )R2 = 0.293( with an statistically insignificant slope coefficient of )beta = -2.297( (p=0.346). Consequently, the null hypothesis (H0) was not rejected. The economic interpretation suggests that while the expansion of digital financial services infrastructure serves as an enabling tool, it does not automatically translate into improved tax collection without direct integration and electronic linkage with tax administration processes such as e-invoicing, e-filing, automated tax payments, and database cross-checking—alongside limitations imposed by the short time series. The paper concludes that FinTech adoption must be part of a comprehensive tax reform strategy incorporating direct digitalization and institutional integration

Abstract

Measure the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) using quantitative approaches plays important role to help decision maker to enhance the organization efficiency. Also, integrating more than one quantitative approach have received more attention recently. This paper presents an efficient computational approach which consist of integrating two multi-criteria decision making approaches. The first is the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and it used to measure the efficiency of the DMUs based on their inputs and outputs and the second approach is Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The presented approach has teased using dataset as in [12] of municipal services in Thi Qar Province, focusing on seven municipalities within the region. Using the presented approach, first we identify the relative efficiency using DEA models. Second, we rank all DMUs that reach full efficiency. Using a dataset comprising three inputs and three outputs associated with municipal services. The result of paper shows that this approach is reliable and easy to implement and it is suitable for helping the decision maker to reach the optimal decision for sustainable evaluation.

Abstract

This study examined the impact of a rentier economy on the independence of monetary policy in Iraq after 2004, considering Iraq as a rentier state that relies heavily on oil revenues. The study included an analysis of the relationship between the rentier economy and monetary policy, as well as the effects of the rentier economy on the independence of monetary policy. It found that dependence on oil to finance public expenditures leads to a reduction in monetary policy independence.

The results showed that the rentier economy has a significant impact on the independence of monetary policy in Iraq, and that there is a pressing need to diversify the economy and reduce reliance on oil in order to mitigate the risks arising from fluctuations in oil prices, which affect state revenues. Consequently, when the government faces a deficit, it compels the central bank to adopt an expansionary monetary policy to finance this deficit, which in turn undermines monetary policy independence.

The study reached a number of conclusions and recommendations that the researcher believes are aimed at strengthening the independence of monetary policy in rentier states.

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between financial liberalization policy and its impact on economic growth in Iraq, spanning the Period 2004-2023. Drawing on a combination of time-series econometric analysis and policy review, the research examines key dimensions of liberalization, including interest rate deregulation, capital account openness, and banking sector reform. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship: a long-term, positive relationship between the indicators (the basic interest rate, the ratio of domestic credit provided to the private sector to GDP, and inflation) and GDP in Iraq during the study period. Meanwhile, the long-term relationship was negative, as indicated by the ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP. Therefore, Iraq's economic policy needs to promote greater liberalization of foreign direct investment. It is also important to adopt a balanced monetary policy that helps control inflation rates and interest rates, thus activating its positive role in financial liberalization policy 

Abstract

This paper examined the channels by which the effect of monetary policy is transmitted to macroeconomics in Iraq using one of the dynamic random general equilibrium models (DSGE, smets and wouters 2007). The study shows a general equilibrium model and analyzes precisely the channels of impact transmission and their effects, via a range of instruments used by the monetary authority through the mechanism of transmission of the effect of Iraqi monetary policy to some macroeconomic variables. This is illustrated by inflation targeting through the nominal fixed (exchange rate) through the foreign currency sale window , and the reason for using the exchange rate as a nominal constant is due to the financial shallowness suffered by the Iraqi economy and the separation of monetary behavior from the real behavior in the economy, as well as the absence of focus on a direction to the potential output (the level of natural unemployment rate), which led to the weakness of the impact of the Iraqi central tools in macroeconomic variables without monetary variables, and the research reached the effectiveness of the exchange rate channel without other channels to transmit the impact of monetary policy to the macroeconomic variables in Iraq, and this is what made the monetary authority stick to a policy The window of selling foreign currency for its ability to control liquidity levels and sterilize the economy from the undisciplined economic policies of the macroeconomic management partners in Iraq.            

Abstract

This research seeks to address by analyzing the symmetrical imbalances between the economy and the status of the current account and what is implied by the significance of the relative importance of the current account in the balance of payments on the one hand within the framework of the internal / external overlap of developing economies in general and  Iraq , as a case study  to examine the extent of the reflection of the local economic structure on the characteristics of the current account

There are types of imbalances in the balance of payments related to the structural characteristics of the economy i, meaning that they represent a reflection of the imbalance in its production structures, and this imbalance, namely, in the current account takes a directional turn over a long time period related to the process of economic development and its success or failure in achieving the required structural changes

The research concluded that its hypothesis is correct as far as it is concerned with Iraq and that there is a symmetry between the internal/external structural imbalance that has deteriorated in the current account, especially the trade balance, and this imbalance has taken a hidden form as a surplus in the case of the rentier economy.  It concluded that economic administration has no choice but to restructure the Iraqi economy in favor of other production sectors, as well as financing and rehabilitating infrastructure projects, in addition to striving to attract foreign investment and working to expand production capacities and reduce dependence on oil as a main source of national income.

Abstract

The issue of monetary policies and their role in achieving economic stability and economic growth aims at price stability as a primary goal, and with the diversity and development of monetary policy tools, it has become an important part of the comprehensive economic policy in countries in general. As a result of the serious negative effects of inflation and its reflection on the economy, economic policy makers worked on using monetary policy tools to address inflation by influencing the supply of money and demand for it in line with a set of economic goals and the prevailing economic conditions in the country concerned. Central banks have adopted the monetary policy tool and their implementation, as the Central Bank of Iraq worked to adopt a set of technical and legislative measures through its monetary tools to achieve stability in the general level of prices. The researcher aims to identify a more effective tool than the monetary policy tools in dealing with inflation in Iraq for the period 1991-2019. The results of the test showed that open market operations had an impact in the current year and the previous year on inflation. The researcher used the tools of modern standard and mathematical tests that would determine Factors affecting inflation, as the study used the NARDL model to separate the negative and positive differences for each variable, and then tested them on the dependent variable, and this is a somewhat modern method in standard tests.

Abstract

Gold is a rare, limited, and highly liquid asset. However, it is a luxury commodity and therefore can be considered an investment opportunity. It is readily available and does not carry significant risks to its users. Furthermore, there are no associated credit risks. Given these characteristics, it is a highly significant asset and plays a fundamental role in investment portfolios. These characteristics increase investors' interest in including gold in their portfolios, especially during times of financial crises. If an investor decides to include gold in their investment portfolio, it is essential to evaluate the proportion of gold in the portfolio, taking into account risk, return, and diversification. This study attempts to test and prove the hypothesis: Does gold provide good diversification for an investment portfolio? Is gold an important asset in an investment portfolio? Do investment portfolios that include precious metals such as gold show a better performance rate than portfolios that do not contain them? In addition, the research focuses on building an optimal investment portfolio of stocks, an investment portfolio of gold and stocks, an investment portfolio of stocks and cryptocurrencies, an investment portfolio of cryptocurrencies and gold, and an investment portfolio of stocks, cryptocurrencies, and gold. The current research is the first Iraqi, Arab, and international research that includes gold in portfolios of stocks, currencies, and cryptocurrencies simultaneously. The research sample consisted of (21 stocks) listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, and (21) global cryptocurrencies for the period from (January 2017 - September 2023). The research concluded that including gold in stock portfolios clearly improves their performance.

Abstract

The research aims to address a fundamental issue related to the impact of Islamic finance on economic development. Islamic finance has witnessed a significant increase in the volume of its financial transactions, especially after the global crisis of 2008, making it a key source for financing various economic activities and driving growth in many countries. Islamic banks were selected as the focus of the study because they represent the core component of the Islamic financial industry in Iraq.

The research adopts the inductive approach by focusing on the development of the Islamic banking sector in Iraq, its various patterns, and its impact on economic development. The development of the Islamic banking sector is expressed through a set of indicators (total assets and financing volume), while economic development is measured through the non-oil GDP indicator. The data cover the period (2013–2022).

The study concludes that there is a statistically significant positive effect of credit volume on economic development, while no impact of total assets in Islamic banks on economic development was found. The researcher recommends the need to develop the operational mechanisms of Islamic banks in a manner that ensures strengthening their positive impact on economic development.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze and measure the impact of Smart Digital Transformation on the quality of administrative processes at the Central Bank of Iraq – Mosul Branch, by examining the correlation and influence between the two variables. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach (exploratory study), and data were collected through a questionnaire based on the five-point Likert scale. Out of a total population of (181) individuals, (120) questionnaires were distributed using a random sampling method, with (103) valid responses retrieved for analysis via the statistical software (SPSS V.26). The results indicated that the three dimensions of Smart Digital Transformation (Infrastructure, Digital Skills, and Automation) are present in varying degrees within the bank. Based on the findings, several recommendations were proposed, most notably: the bank’s management should work toward integrating all administrative and banking systems into a unified digital platform to ensure automated data flow between departments. This would eliminate the redundancy of manual data entry, minimize human error, and achieve full automation of administrative processes.

Abstract

The industrial policy in Iraq after 2003 contributed to the decline in the sustainability component of economic growth And the lack of economic growth in Iraq to the element of sustainability after 2003, as a result of the continued dependence on crude oil, and the decline in the relative importance of the manufacturing sector in the economic structure, and the trends of economic policies and industrial policy contributed to the exacerbation of this result. The strategies and directions that were put forward after 2003 are based on betting on the private sector and market mechanisms to advance this sector in return for excluding the state and limiting its activity to a purely regulatory framework through the adoption of a horizontal industrial policy. This paper calls for the adoption of a rational, realistic approach to address the problems of the industrial sector, based on combining the role of the market and the role of industrial policy. Market mechanisms alone cannot achieve production efficiency and social justice in light of problems and imbalances, and the presence of high unemployment, as well as the deterioration of the business environment and the weakness of the side. Security and its well-known complexities. The desired reform in which the state should play a balanced and integrated role with the market, especially that the local private sector in Iraq, due to its well-known conditions, needs for a long time the state and its support.

Abstract

The research aims to determine the impact of intellectual capital on the profitability of business organizations, by identifying the availability of intellectual capital requirements with its three components (human, structural and customer) in achieving profitability , the research problem centered on the statement whether there is investment And real employment of intellectual capital in the company, the sample of the research, and the research was applied in Zain Iraq company  for communications, and the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and the data was collected through the annual report of Zain Iraq published in the Iraqi Stock Exchange and for the years (2017-2019). And based on financial analysis and using personal interviews and field observations, the most prominent findings of the researcher were that the dimensions of intellectual capital affect the profitability of business organizations in varying proportions and in a positive way, and there was a logical justification for accepting the main hypothesis, at the same time, there are decrease in the level of training and development expenses for employees, and increase in the level of turnover of assets, was noted. The company also worked on the research sample to pay attention to attracting competent employees who have great experience in the required jobs, the research concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of them was realize the importance of intellectual capital and work to develop and maintain it to achieve a high level of profits and also adopt expanded investment policies in order to create returns on their assets to achieve net profits after Tax, which gives more strength to the company.

Abstract

Private investment is the cornerstone of building the economies of developed and developing countries by supporting productive activities and increasing economic growth and development. This research aims to identify the positive impact of the private sector on improving the Iraqi economy and increasing the gross domestic product (GDP), which is reflected in reduced unemployment and poverty, especially during years of financial and economic crises. Despite the problems facing the private sector and its low investment, it remains the primary driver of economic growth. Given the importance of the topic, the research aims to identify the impact of private investment on economic growth in Iraq for the period (2004-2022) using advanced standard methods and approaches, including unit root tests, cointegration, the error correction model (ECM), and the immediate response function. The study found a relationship between private investment and economic growth in the short term, and an inverse relationship in the long term.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the impact of implementing e-governance systems on reducing bribery and embezzlement in government institutions, as they are among the most prominent tools for combating financial corruption. The study explores the concept of e-governance and its role in enhancing transparency and accountability through automation and digitization, which reduces human intervention in administrative and financial processes. The study also discusses the most prominent mechanisms that contribute to reducing corruption, such as electronic payment, digital signatures, and smart monitoring systems. Furthermore, successful international experiences in implementing e-governance and its positive impact on reducing financial corruption are highlighted. Finally, to achieve the research objective, the researchers distributed a questionnaire to a sample of employees at Rasheed Bank/Najaf Branch in Iraq. The researchers reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that implementing e-governance systems significantly reduces the opportunities for bribery and embezzlement in government institutions by enhancing transparency and reducing human intervention in financial transactions. The researchers also reached a set of recommendations, most notably the need to develop technological systems in government institutions to ensure effective implementation of e-governance, while providing secure and fast communication network.        

Abstract

This search deals with the use of geographical statistics in estimate proportions of unmeasured pollution with chemical inorganic SO4  in governorates of Iraq except Kurdistan regional,   by using some  univariates  kriging models in spatial prediction by using simple kriging model and ordinary kriging model depending on the measured true data with their coordinates by using ARC10.4.1 and estimate the function value in one point from the close points . by using some semivariogram models (stable, spherical, exponential and Gaussian).and by using the more fitting from them. And by predictive mapping for pollution indications. the comparison was made by five criteria for spatial error indications those are (mean error, root mean square error , mean standardized error ,root mean square standardized error ,average standard error)the study found that ordinary kriging model by using semivariogram function of stable type was the best model for pollution data SO4.the SO4 pollution has been estimated in the un measured points(Ninawa , Salah Al-diyn Al-djyl ,Diyala , Karbala Al-Manfhan , Karbala Muharram eayshih ,Basra Al-Faw) the study showed  that SO4 pollution increase whenever we go towards south of Iraq

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the role of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in promoting digital transformation in the banking sector. This is of great importance due to its significant impact on monetary policy. Through the application of digital technologies, banks and financial institutions can greatly improve their procedures, leading to changes in banking liquidity. Digital transformation can contribute to increased cash flows and improved liquidity management, thus affecting the central bank's ability to implement monetary policy effectively. Thanks to big data analytics and AI, banks can better identify economic needs, influencing interest rate decisions. Therefore, it can be said that digital transformation plays a significant role in shaping monetary policy and opens the door to significant improvements in the management of fiscal and monetary policies and creative thinking skills. Traditional reliance on auditing methods does not keep pace with rapid technological developments, and auditors' weak adoption of creative thinking methods in addressing audit problems negatively affects the quality of audits and the accuracy of their results. The importance of this research lies in its aim to provide a comprehensive framework that combines modern technological tools and creative approaches to digital work, thereby contributing to the development of critical practices and enhancing the quality of its results according to standards of efficiency and effectiveness. The advanced statistical software Smart Pals and appropriate statistical methods were used to test the hypotheses. The results showed a statistically significant effect of using artificial intelligence technologies (expert systems, machine learning, continuous auditing, natural language processing, and robotic process automation) across all dimensions. This indicates the importance of AI applications in improving the quality of external auditing. Furthermore, the use of AI technologies has a positive impact on investor decisions through the quality of external auditing. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that all accountants and auditors keep pace with technological developments and respond to changes in the surrounding environment by developing their AI skills. Audit firms should also be encouraged to adopt AI technologies in their work by replacing manual systems with computerized systems. The study aimed to analyze the impact of digital transformation indicators (ATMs, electronic payment cards, electronic point-of-sale systems, and instant settlement transfers). Adopting digital technologies has contributed to reducing reliance on cash and increasing the efficiency of monetary policy. However, in Iraq, limited effects were observed due to structural challenges such as weak infrastructure and economic instability.

Abstract

Depleted resources have an important role in achieving sustainable development, by pushing the production process and achieving stability, growth and economic development in both the economic and social fields, but they affect the environment in varying proportions, as they represent the greatest danger in polluting the environment and its surroundings, especially oil and coal. This is what made the need to search for alternative sources and resources to achieve sustainable development, the preoccupation of many countries that depend on one resource, and the best example of this is Iraq and Algeria,Which depleted resources represent approximately 98%  of its income resulting from the export of hydrocarbons, and the importance of this research comes from studying that depleted natural resources because of their great and distinguished role in economic growth and thus on sustainable economic development, by exploiting these resources and investing their returns through The way to support the productive sectors for the current generations to benefit from and to ensure the future of subsequent generations. The research started from a problem that is, is it possible to rely on depleted resources in achieving sustainable development,Is there a relationship between the size of those resources and the degree of achieving sustainable development, and the goal of this research stems from analyzing and measuring the relationship between depleted resources and indicators of sustainable development, and thus providing proposed solutions to address the imbalance between these variables in the Iraqi economy, as well as providing suggestions or recommendations in order to overcome obstacles that obstruct the process of sustainable development and address the problems of the economy, including the Iraqi economy

It also stems from the premise that it is not possible to rely on the revenues of depleted resources in achieving sustainable development in the Iraqi economy unless a large set of conditions and economic, institutional and societal reforms are available, in order to arrive at identifying the problem of the study, analyzing it and developing appropriate solutions to it. And standard, as well as analyzing the standard relationship to show the impact of depleted resources revenues on sustainable development indicators, and the use of various data and information necessary to reach the results of the study (research)The study concluded that the rational exploitation and management of  delectable resources in the service of development is one of the most important criteria associated with achieving sustainable development, especially with regard to  protecting the atmosphere from sources of pollution resulting from the use of energy in economic and social activities, especially in the transport and industry sector. The environment and development the emergence of sustainable development, which aims to pay attention to the interrelationship between man and his natural surroundings, and between society and its development. and limitations and obstacles encountered Unbalanced development has also led to the emergence of environmental problems in various fields, such as the increase in pollution and its impact on the quality of life, and the irrational exploitation of natural resources, including those that are depletable.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to clarify the concept of electronic payment systems and their role in supporting financial and economic activity. In light of rapid technological developments and the global digital transformation, electronic payment systems have become a fundamental pillar for the growth of e-commerce, due to the speed, security, and convenience they provide in completing financial transactions. The study examines the role of electronic payment systems in the Iraqi market, and reviews the main types of electronic payments in Iraq, such as payments through e-wallets, electronic payments via Google Pay, Iraqi postal cards, and payments through the Fatora gateway. The research recommends the adoption of a comprehensive national strategy to develop digital and financial infrastructure, enhance financial and digital literacy among individuals and businesses, and update the legislative and regulatory framework to ensure the security and efficiency of electronic payment systems. This would significantly contribute to advancing e-commerce and achieving sustainable economic development in Iraq.

Abstract

This research aims to study the role of Lean Quality in promoting the transition to Green Manufacturing in modern organizations, focusing on its practical applications at the Al-Hillah Sugar Factory, owned by Al-Ittihad Company. The research highlights how Lean Quality principles, such as continuous improvement, waste reduction, and process flow optimization, can be used as tools to enhance production efficiency and achieve environmental sustainability.The research employed a field survey methodology, utilizing an eight-item questionnaire to cover Lean Quality and Green Manufacturing elements. A five-point Likert scale was used to assess the extent to which these concepts were applied by factory employees. A representative sample of employees was selected using stratified random sampling to ensure comprehensive coverage of all departments and job levels.The results of the analysis showed that Lean Quality is applied to varying degrees within the factory, with a high level of application in continuous improvement and process flow. However, some gaps were observed in employee engagement and waste reduction. Green Manufacturing practices ranged from moderate to high, with superior performance in the areas of corporate sustainability and energy consumption reduction. Environmental innovation, however, presented some challenges that require further development.

Abstract

Cash management, in general, is one of the most important matters that management should follow up, due to its effective role and importance in improving the financial performance of companies. The research aims to measure and know the impact of free cash flow on the market value of business establishments.  A modern measure of their financial performance by mentioning its data in a special list like the rest of the lists.  The research came to show the impact of free cash flow on the market value of business establishments by demonstrating the importance of using free cash flow indicators in industrial companies listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange by conducting an applied study that seeks to reach a predictive model for the market value of these companies, and represents the research community in industrial companies.  Listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange, and the research sample was represented in (6) companies that were selected from among (19) companies listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange, due to their compatibility with the research requirements and the period from (2004-2019), and a set of indicators were used.  Financial [earnings before taxes and interest (1-tax) + amortization and depreciation - capital expenses), (closing price multiplied by the number of shares)] as well as using a simple regression model to find out the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable individually and for each company and using the statistical program (  Minitab 17), and the research concluded that there is a statistically significant effect of free cash flow on the market value of business establishments in general in the model, as well as that there is no effect of free cash flow on the market value  Protective for business establishments in some companies.

Abstract

This study examines the preventive role of Legal Technology (LegalTech) in monitoring anti-competitive behaviors, with a particular focus on current challenges in Iraq. The problem arises from the limitations of traditional tools in detecting collusion and monopolistic practices, in contrast to the potential offered by LegalTech solutions such as artificial intelligence algorithms and digital reporting platforms. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, reviewing successful international experiences (the European Union, Singapore, and the United Kingdom), alongside an Iraqi case study in a key sector. The underlying hypothesis suggests that while LegalTech provides promising opportunities for regulatory oversight, its effectiveness in Iraq depends largely on the development of digital and legislative infrastructures. Preliminary findings indicate that LegalTech can play the role of an "early warning mechanism" against anti-competitive practices. However, Iraq faces structural and legislative challenges that require urgent addressing.

Accordingly, the research seeks to provide a cognitive and policy contribution that deepens understanding of the preventive role of LegalTech and supporting Iraqi decision-makers in addressing current challenges, thereby fostering a fairer and more competitive economic environment.

Abstract

 In many economic relations, there are correlations between variables that affect each other, including the reciprocal relationship between the budget deficit and exchange rate fluctuations, especially in developing countries, including Iraq, which suffer from problems in the general budget that may be chronic, and this deficit is caused by continuing In increasing public expenditures in exchange for a decrease in public revenues, especially that the Iraqi economy is almost completely dependent on the oil sector, And due to the fluctuation of oil prices and its impact on the volume of imports, which negatively affected the state’s general budget, the study included three main sections. The first topic represents the theoretical framework of the exchange rate and the public budget deficit, and the second topic is the relationship between the exchange rate and the general budget deficit in Iraq for the period (1990-2019). While the third topic dealt with the standard analysis of the relationship between the two variables mentioned above, the study concluded that there is a one-way causal relationship between the two variables of the model, where the exchange rate is due to a deficit in the public budget in the long term

Abstract

This research provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of fiscal policy on achieving inclusive growth in both Algeria and Saudi Arabia during the period 2004-2024. It focuses on key fiscal policy instruments such as public spending, public revenues, and the sectoral distribution of GDP, aiming to identify successful fiscal measures and explore their potential application in developing Iraq's economic experience. The research employs a comparative analysis methodology, examining the financial and economic performance of both countries and comparing it to the Iraqi economic reality based on long-term official data. The analysis emphasizes the relationship between fiscal expansion, diversification of the production base, and improvements in social indicators. The results indicate that Saudi Arabia achieved greater progress in achieving inclusive growth based on diversifying the production base and expanding financial inclusion, while Algeria focused on the social dimension of its fiscal policy, leading to improved income distribution and reduced poverty, but with limited economic diversification. The study concludes by presenting an Iraq within the framework of an integrated financial and developmental reform that takes into account justice, efficiency and sustainability.

Abstract

    The research deals with post-war economics: economic problems, recovery and stability policies for post-war economies with a reference to Iraq for the period 2000-2019, as it clarifies the terms related to post-war economics, and its importance to international organizations that often resort to intervention in order to achieve peace in conflict areas, It also deals with the motives leading to war, and the factors that stand behind them, and the research stands on the most important economic effects of the conflict, and the economic problems faced by countries in the post-conflict phase in order to determine the best ways to address them. The war, while the second topic deals with the economic effects of the conflict, while the third topic deals with recovery and stability policies in the post-conflict phase, and the fourth topic deals with economic growth and indicators of economic reform in Iraq, and the research ended with a set of conclusions and recommendations.

Abstract

This study highlights the vital role played by electronic banking in enhancing financial inclusion in Iraq, considering the challenges facing the financial sector—particularly the limited integration of large segments of the population into the formal banking system. The study is based on a problem concerning the limited role of electronic banking in expanding financial inclusion and seeks to evaluate its actual contribution in this field.

The study aims to diagnose the current state of electronic banking in Iraqi banks, determine the extent of the spread and usage of the services provided among the public, and measure the impact of these services on financial inclusion indicators—such as increasing the number of bank accounts and facilitating access to credit and other financial services. It also reviews the challenges hindering the spread of electronic banking, whether related to infrastructure, the regulatory framework, or the lack of awareness and trust among users.

The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on official data issued by the central bank and commercial banks, in addition to an inductive approach that traces the relationship between the development of electronic banking and financial inclusion indicators. Despite the persistence of some geographical and social gaps, the study recommends the need to develop digital infrastructure, enhance financial literacy, and update regulatory frameworks to keep pace with the digital transformation of banking in Iraq.

Abstract

This study aimed to measure the impact of using financial technology (FinTech) on improving the profitability indicators of Iraqi banks, and to demonstrate the implications of this digital transformation on urban and regional planning policies in Iraq for the period 2023-2025. The research problem is centered on the extent to which digital financial innovations contribute to enhancing banking returns, and how this transformation reshapes spatial land use and affects the distribution of services within cities and regions. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to frame the theoretical concepts, and an applied approach through the analysis of financial data from a sample of leading Iraqi banks in adopting financial technology during the period (2023-2025), and cross-referencing it with spatial development and urban planning indicators. The study reached a number of key findings, most notably the statistically significant positive impact of using financial technology on increasing the profitability rates of Iraqi banks, resulting from reduced operating costs (OpEx) and decreased reliance on traditional physical branches.

Abstract

The Republic of Iraq occupies a distinguished geographical location that has great influences on the region in particular and on the Middle East region in general, on all economic, social and political levels. This is what requires Iraq to implement and develop the infrastructure for transport projects of all kinds, and link the ports of the northern Arabian Gulf to Europe through Iraq, Syria and Turkey. And Lebanon, making Iraq an important transit country for goods at the international level, adapting the procedures followed, decisions and customs regulations for transit transportation issued under the amended Customs Law No. (23) of 1984, in line with the requirements of international trade and in accordance with the standards, standards and agreements issued by It is accepted by international organizations and bodies concerned with foreign trade and transit transport, because of its importance in financial resources, supplementing the general budget, and achieving many social, economic and political goals for the countries of origin (exporting), transit countries (transit countries) and destination countries (the last destination) for goods to serve All Parties

Abstract

This study aimed to know the impact of human resources management in its dimensions, which are (human resources planning, recruitment, human resources appointment, methods of developing and training employees, and performance evaluation) in achieving organizational excellence in its dimensions, which are (organizational structure excellence, organizational cultural excellence, and human resources excellence, and strategic excellence), for employees in the General Electricity Distribution Company in Babylon. The study sample amounted to (55) researchers. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach and used a program in its statistical analysis (SPSS). The study reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of a statistically significant impact of human resources management strategies in achieving organizational excellence. It concluded with main conclusions and recommendations that attempt to push the wheel of development and advancement that stems from the culture of human resources and support their efficiency and attempt to support their excellence that contributes to organizational excellence that achieves the desired goals in developing organizations operating in various productions. Completed scientific studies with a solid scientific dimension in the world of scientific research were used to develop the work of administrative organizations and push the wheel of development by focusing on developing the competencies working in the economy. Solid scientific sources were used that can support and the study recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: the necessity of continuing to develop effective and thoughtful strategies for human resources management, which include all stages of the employee's career, so that the human element is optimally utilized in a way that achieves business performance and organizational goals.

Abstract

The research aims to clarify and define sovereign wealth funds and their importance in preserving oil wealth revenues for the future while ensuring their equitable distribution for the future of future generations, as well as proposing an objective vision or drawing an integrated picture of the possibility of creating a sovereign fund for Iraq by preparing the general structure of the fund with the creation mechanism for that All of the justifications for the creation of an Iraqi sovereign fund and its importance and the objectives of the Iraqi sovereign fund were mentioned, as well as the possibilities of employing sovereign wealth funds in managing the financial crisis in Iraq. Economic represented by restructuring public spending in favor of investment spending, activating the role of non-oil revenues in financing the budget and addressing corruption, which is a structural factor that must be addressed.

Abstract

This study aimed to measure the impact of digital transformation on the financial performance of the Iraqi banking sector during the period (2020–2025). To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive-analytical approach was adopted through the analysis of financial data obtained from a sample of Iraqi banks under investigation. In parallel, a quantitative approach was employed using a questionnaire administered to a sample of (777) respondents. The results revealed a statistically significant statistically significant association between digital transformation variables, represented by digital services, artificial intelligence, and technological platforms, and financial performance indicators, namely Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The findings also indicated that digital transformation contributes effectively to reducing operating costs and enhancing the operational efficiency of the surveyed banks. Based on these findings, the study proposed a set of recommendations focusing on the necessity of strengthening digital infrastructure, intensifying specialized training programs for human resources, and developing cybersecurity frameworks to ensure the sustainability of financial performance within the rapidly evolving digital environment.

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of domestic crude oil refining in Iraq and to assess its role in maximizing value added to the national economy compared with the option of directly exporting crude oil. The study adopts an applied quantitative analytical approach, based on official data issued by the Iraqi Ministry of Oil and the Central Statistical Organization, in addition to reports from global oil markets during the period ،(2020–2025).The results show that domestic refining generates an average economic value added of approximately USD 33 per barrel, representing an increase of about 42.3% compared with direct crude oil exports, in addition to achieving a positive net present value and an internal rate of return of 18.7%. Domestic refining also contributes to the creation of direct and indirect employment opportunities and supports petrochemical industries. The study concludes that expanding refining capacity and improving refinery efficiency constitute a strategic economic option for maximizing oil revenues and achieving sustainable economic development in Iraq.

Abstract

Women role in achieving sustainable development becomes as a one of most important issues in societies in general and in Iraq as a special case. She has a great role as her partner (man) has especially in achieving economic development; instead of this fact but the path is still not clear and long to say that! Due to the global numbers that shared internationally without serious scientific logic treatment; where statistical numbers refer that Iraq still in level (154 out of 156) around the world; and for economic & educational sectors in specific, unfortunately Iraqi women register around (0.228/1) and (0.8/1) respectively as Global Economic Institute announced in 2021. 

In order to understand this fact, there is a benefit to review the real role of Iraqi women in establishing societies’ infrastructure and trying to decrease the gap especially in her role in education, health-care, in addition to employ and invest her innovative ideas into pioneer projects.

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the asymmetric impact of the Global Innovation Index (GII) on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in South Korea over the period (2004–2024). It further explores the potential for adapting this experience within the economies of Iraq, Egypt, and Jordan. Utilizing a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model, the study examines the dynamics of this relationship in both the short and long runs. The empirical findings reveal a nonlinear cointegration relationship, indicating that the South Korean economy exhibits hyper-sensitivity toward negative innovation shocks. Specifically, a 1% negative shock in innovation leads to a growth contraction of approximately 1.65%, whereas the growth response to positive shocks does not exceed 0.33%. Furthermore, CUSUM and CUSUMQ tests confirmed the structural stability of the model over two decades. The research concludes that the innovation gap in the studied Arab countries necessitates policies that support innovation budgets to ensure the stability of structural growth parameters, independent of fluctuations in traditional sectors.

Abstract

This work deals with the spread of the drug phenomenon in Iraq and its socio-economic effects. It consists of three sections. The first section provides an overview of the cultural and socio-economic context of the drug phenomenon in Iraq, explains the main economic and cultural motives behind this phenomenon, in addition to providing a brief description of the medical treatment process in the region and Iraq, which appeared in 1990 during the acute socio-political and military crisis that the country faced as a result of the effects of the Gulf War (1991) and the increased sanctions imposed by the United States of America through a series of Security Council resolutions until the invasion and occupation of the country in2003.

Abstract

This research aims to study government accounting reforms in Iraq under the transition to accrual accounting and their impact on enhancing financial transparency, in light of modern international trends in developing accounting systems in the public sector, particularly the standards issued by the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board. This research comes in response to the growing need to improve the quality of government financial reports and enhance confidence in accounting information, thereby supporting the principles of good governance. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to study the theoretical framework, in addition to a quantitative approach to test the relationship between the study variables in the field through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of employees in government units and oversight bodies in Iraq. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to test the research hypotheses. The research concluded that there is a statistically significant relationship between government accounting reforms under the accrual basis and the level of financial transparency. The application of the accrual basis contributes to improving the quality of disclosure, presenting assets and liabilities more comprehensively, and providing more accurate and reliable financial information. The research also recommended the necessity of completing the requirements for the transition to the accrual basis by developing the legislative framework, strengthening financial information systems, and intensifying training and qualification programs for accounting personnel.

Abstract

Environmental planning is one of the most important plans and strategies for preserving the environment and achieving sustainable development at the level of the national economy, and with the increasing international interest in the components of the ecosystem in the planning process, mainly, and with the increasing problems and negative effects it faced represented by pollution, gas emissions, climate changes, depletion of natural resources and damage to generations present and future                                                                

This called for finding a future vision, policies, plans and strategies to protect the environment.                                                                                                                      

 In this context, Iraq tried to devote the importance of integrating the environmental dimension with the economic and social dimension by adopting the environmental planning method that focuses in its general sense on preserving the environment and on the biological balance in order to achieve human well-being, which is the goal and purpose of development.                                                                                                  

The problem of the research is that Iraq was exposed, especially after 2003, to conflicts and wars that had significant effects on the deterioration of the Iraqi environment. Treatments of war remnants in an analytical manner within the general framework of economic plans, and one of the most important results that were reached despite the development of economic plans in the field of environment are policies and strategies that work to protect the environment, but from a practical point of view it was difficult to materialize the goals and achieve the goals under the circumstances that Iraq passed.

Abstract

The process of pricing bank loans is one of the most important sources for the bank’s
revenues, as loans represent a large part of the bank’s assets. The research aims to measure and
know the impact of bank loan pricing indicators on credit risk. When the bank sets a high interest
rate, this leads to a loss of customers by going to other banks to obtain loans, and if a low interest
rate is set, this leads to a loss for the bank. Therefore, banks should use modern methods of
pricing bank loans. The research community represents the banks listed in the market. Iraq Stock
Exchange. As for the research sample, it consisted of 8 banks that were selected from among 24
banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange that meet the research requirements, and for the period
(2006-2015), and a set of financial indicators were used (return on net funds used, weighted
average cost of capital, Z-Score Profitability objective) Measurable research variables .

Abstract

Positive leadership has emerged as a prominent concept that has garnered considerable academic attention within organizational management models, owing to its ability to enhance organizational effectiveness by fostering positive values and motivational behavior patterns. Public universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are increasingly facing organizational challenges due to fluctuating economic and political conditions, which negatively impact their ability to recover and return to normal operations after crises. This study aims to examine the nature of the correlation and causal relationship between positive leadership and organizational recovery in the top-ranked public universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Data were collected from a sample of 204 heads of academic departments in these universities using a questionnaire designed to measure the study variables. The researcher utilized a set of statistical techniques to analyze the data using SPSS version 26 for descriptive analyses, while Smart PLS version 4.0.9 was employed to test the relationships between the study variables through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicated that positive leadership plays a fundamental role in promoting organizational recovery, as it contributes to improving universities’ capacity to confront crises and adapt to changes by fostering a positive work environment that supports creativity, resilience, and adaptability.

Abstract

The article considers the historical foundations of Iraq for ensuring environmental and economic sustainability in the context of digitalization. The article presents facts about the contribution of the thousand-year-old culture of Iraq to world culture and the relevance of this contribution in solving the problems of sustainable development. A critical assessment of training technologies and the application of popular neural networks is given. It is proposed to use the experience of Belarus in planning and implementing strategic projects in Belarus in relation to the conditions of global digitalization and to use the results of Belarusian scientists in linguistic analysis of texts to create national neural networks. The importance of an ecosystem approach in solving the problems of socio-economic development of the country is emphasized. The relevance and necessity of appropriate training of personnel for the digital economy, the most important part of which in modern conditions is digital culture and the formation of a national market for high-quality data is substantiated.

Abstract

The research aims to demonstrate the importance of the economic business environment and the restrictions imposed on banks in general that may limit banking activity. Banks have to analyze the environment in which they intend to work in order to know these restrictions and analyze them in order to be able to adapt to them. Without banks analyzing that environment, they will not be able to continue their activities, .The research problem arises in highlighting trends that restrict banking activity in Iraq, and this will be done through three sections .The first introduced a profile of business environment in Iraq, while the second investigated the main features of the banking system .As for the third topic, it includes an assessment of the banking activities in light of the general economic business environment. Relevant Indicators showed that there are external variables inherent in the general business environment that affect banking activity both directly and indirectly.

Abstract

The study aimed to identify the impact that the spread of the Corona Virus pandemic had on the global economy, and on the performance of the economic sectors in the world, with reference to the impact it had on the Iraqi economic sectors during the outbreak of the epidemic; In order to achieve the goal of the study, the descriptive analytical method was relied upon by presenting the performance of economic sectors globally and in Iraq; The study concluded that the Corona virus pandemic led to a severe recession in the global economy unprecedented since the Great Depression; The study also found that the Corona virus pandemic caused a significant decline in the performance of economic sectors in varying proportions from one sector to another due to the impact of the closure policies that governments followed in order to control the spread of the pandemic; The pandemic revealed the weakness of the health sector in the world in general, especially in Iraq, where the health sector has been neglected for many years; The study also found that the tourism sector was the most affected sector compared to other sectors that managed to recover gradually after easing the closure measures.

Abstract

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a critical mechanism for promoting sustainable development, particularly in the context of higher education institutions. This field study explores the role and impact of PPPs at Future University, focusing on how PPPs contribute to achieving the university's sustainable development goals. The study uses a descriptive approach by distributing (80) questionnaires to Future University staff, which were analyzed using SmartPLS V.4. The results reveal that PPPs at Future University facilitated infrastructure development, enhanced academic programs, and promoted research initiatives aligned with sustainability goals. However, challenges such as aligning stakeholder interests, ensuring long-term commitment, and maintaining transparency were identified as barriers to maximizing the potential of these partnerships. The study concludes that while PPPs offer significant opportunities to promote sustainable development in higher education, their success depends on strong governance frameworks, clear communication, and shared value creation among all stakeholders. The study provides recommendations to strengthen existing partnerships and guide future collaborations at Future University and similar institutions.

Abstract

In the modern era, providing them with modern tools and technologies that This research aims to study the impact of digital transformation in accounting and its role in reducing poverty. Digital transformation is one of the most prominent developments witnessed by institutions contribute to improving financial and administrative performance. The research problem lies in the main question: Does digital transformation in accounting have an impact that can contribute to reducing poverty? This research aims to demonstrate the impact of digital technologies on developing accounting practices and improving financial resource management, which positively impacts economic and social development. To achieve these objectives, the study is divided into several sections. The first section of Chapter Two addresses the concept of digital transformation, its importance, objectives, characteristics, and types. It also explores the dimensions of digital transformation: the technical, human, and organizational dimensions, recognizing their crucial role in the success of digital transformation within institutions. The second section examines the concept of accounting and the impact of digital transformation on it. This section clarifies the role of modern technologies in developing accounting systems and improving the efficiency of financial and accounting processes. The research concludes that digital transformation contributes to the development of accounting practices by enhancing the accuracy of financial information and strengthening transparency and oversight. This, in turn, helps improve financial resource management and supports decision-making, which can indirectly contribute to economic development and poverty reduction.

Abstract

The research aimed to determine the impact of strategic sovereignty in reducing strategic risks in light of the current conditions that require the correct construction of organizations in order to confront environmental variables in modern times. To achieve this goal, the researchers reached, through theoretical thought and related studies, to build a hypothetical diagram that explains the relationship between the studied variables. The research relied on studying strategic sovereignty as an independent variable distributed into three dimensions: (area of ​​influence, competitive formation, competitive pressure), in addition to three dimensions representing the dependent variable strategic risks (document and information risks, organizational reputation risks, human resources risks). The sample consisted of (100) managers from senior administrative leadership in a sample of private Iraqi banks: (United Bank, National Bank of Iraq, Gulf Commercial Bank, Ashur International Bank, Abra Iraq Bank). The research reached several results represented in the contribution of strategic sovereignty in reducing strategic risks through the results of the impact relationship, which supports the statistical formulation of the research hypothesis