Search Results for banks
Abstract
The banking sector is one of the sectors most exposed to risks and the reason is due to the nature of the work of banks that is linked to a group of risks directly. Therefore, it is necessary for the bank to have an efficient and efficient internal control through which it can control the bank’s resources from the risk of waste and loss.
Therefore, the idea of establishing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision came from the banks’ need to strengthen the internal control and increase its solidity to face risks effectively. The increase and exacerbation of global indebtedness, especially in developing countries, so if the banks are committed to applying the requirements of Basel III, this will help reduce risks and control the available resources and reduce.
As for the research sample, it included three private commercial banks, which are the Iraqi Union Bank, Ashur International Bank and Al-Mansour Investment Bank.
The research reached a set of results, including that the requirements of Basel III came to keep pace with the banks of developed countries, and that it is possible to cover the risks they face from their capital, which in turn represents a challenge for banks of developing countries due to the difficulty of implementing these requirements and that the internal control of banks is in their interest to apply all the requirements Basel III to increase its durability and strength to face the risks it may be exposed to.
The research problem includes the extent to which banks operating in Iraq apply the requirements of Basel III and does the Central Bank of Iraq follow up on the application of these requirements periodically. For banks, the research sample is represented by three private commercial banks: Union Bank of Iraq, Ashur International Bank and Al-Mansour Investment Bank.
The researcher also relied on laws and legislations related to the subject of research, doctoral dissertations and relevant master’s theses, in addition to relevant Arab and foreign books and periodicals. Relationship to the subject matter.
Abstract
Abstract
Commercial banks are the basic infrastructure in building the economy and business of any country, as commercial banks play a prominent role in the process of economic development, and most banks are exposed to many banking risks that may lead to instability in the financial system. Perhaps the most important of these risks is liquidity and credit risk, which are one of the important issues in commercial banks, as it is a source of concern for every bank, because the function for which the banks were found is to provide cash liquidity and grant credit. This research aims to clarify and analyze the relationship of (liquidity and credit) risks with banking safety indicators for a sample of commercial banks. Three commercial banks (the Commercial Bank of Iraq, the United Bank for Investment, and the Middle East Bank) were selected for the period (2010-2020) and the research was based on the following hypothesis It (there is a statistically significant correlation between credit and liquidity risks and banking safety indicators), and the research reached several results, the most important of which is that analyzing the relationship of liquidity and credit risk indicators with banking safety indicators helped policy makers and regulators identify strengths and weaknesses in commercial banks. easily, so that they can take preventive measures to avoid any crises or setbacks that hinder the work of banks. While the research recommended the necessity of urging Iraqi commercial banks to develop measurement and control tools and to develop effective contingency plans, in order to control liquidity and credit risks
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the impact of the structure deposits on the profitability of Iraqi Islamic banks over the period from 2016 to 2022 using data of 13 banks. We employed cross-sectional time series models (panel data), including the pooled regression model, the fixed effects model, and the random effects model to analyze the impact of the deposit structure on the bank profitability.
The results indicated that the current deposits represented the largest proportion of the deposit structure in Iraqi Islamic banks. Additionally, the results revealed a negative and significant effect of the current deposit ratio on the profitability of these banks. This could be attributed to Islamic banks holding a considerable proportion of demand deposits; which could be withdrawn at any time and Islamic banks guarantee repayment of the principal deposited, and account holders do not have rights to a share in the profits. Therefore, Islamic banks usually invest only a small fraction of the current accounts. In contrast, we found a positive and significant impact of the savings deposit ratio and the investment deposit ratio on the profitability of Iraqi Islamic banks. The study recommends that Islamic banks should adopt strategies aimed at attracting more deposits, particularly investment deposits, due to their stability and flexibility in investment. Such these deposits can be utilized for medium- and long-term investments, providing further opportunities to increase profitability.
Abstract
The research aims to highlight the role of private banks in promoting social responsibility, using a sample of three international and Arab commercial banks that have a social role in the society in which they operate. The research problem is represented by answering the following question: What is the reality of private banks’ commitment to the reality of social responsibility and what is their social responsibility? The importance of the research lies in the vital and effective role of the banking sector’s social responsibility towards society. The research seeks to achieve the following goals: clarifying the aspects of social responsibility and its important dimensions on the banking sector and identifying the effects of the social responsibility of these banks on society. The research is based on the hypothesis that: There is a relationship between the social responsibility of the banking sector and activating the developmental role of banks. The deductive approach was adopted to move through the study of the phenomenon from the general to the specific, based on the descriptive method as one of the methods of economic analysis. The research also reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The social responsibility of banks expresses the mechanisms through which banks’ compliance with laws and standards can be guaranteed and monitored. And international rules on a voluntary basis. The research also presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which is: An independent department should be allocated for social responsibility in various banks, with the following functions being exercised: organizing volunteer efforts inside and outside them, planning and implementing social responsibility activities, measuring performance, evaluating practices, and preparing periodic reports. And dissemination, coordination with governmental and private institutions locally, internationally and regionally).
Abstract
The current study examines the impact of income diversification on the profitability and stability of Jordanian commercial banks. The study sample consisted of (13) commercial banks operating in Jordan for the period 2010-2022. The secondary data included in the financial reports and annual budgets issued by the Jordanian commercial banks are also considered. The study employs the ratio of non-interest income to total operating income and the Hirschman-Herfindahl index to measure income diversification, while the return on assets and return on equity indices were used to measure bank profitability. To measure financial stability, the z-score value was calculated. The Panel Data regression model was employed, and the random effect model was chosen to test the study hypotheses. The results showed that the ratio of non-interest income has a positive and significant impact on the profitability of Jordanian commercial banks. This indicates that increasing reliance on non-interest income sources enhances the performance and profitability of Jordanian commercial banks. The results also showed that the HHI index has a positive and significant effect on the profitability and stability of Jordanian commercial banks, which means that increasing the level of diversification in income sources leads to increased profitability and financial stability in Jordanian commercial banks. The study recommended the necessity of encouraging commercial banks to innovate financially and provide digital banking services and other non-traditional services due to their role in increasing profits and financial stability in Jordanian commercial banks.
Abstract
The statement of cash flows carries great importance for the users of the financial statements and facilitates the process of understanding and analyzing them because it provides financial information that is free from misleading and is modern as one of the main requirements of the establishments and provides useful information about the establishment’s operational, investment and financing activities. It exposes commercial banks to financial crises and risks. Cash, cash liquidity risks, and it has to draw the responsibilities of the monetary authority and establish an effective central unit through a strategic system and rely on ratios and indicators of cash liquidity because the low level of cash liquidity can expose banks to a financial crisis and financial risks that make them lose the element of safety, profitability and cash liquidity even if they achieve earnings And commercial banks must maintain cash liquidity by preserving cash assets and assets, and the research also found the results of the other bank with very high ratios that outweigh other ratios, such as the cash balance ratio and legal reserve, and the need to pay attention to the surplus and shortage of liquidity that you may be exposed to. Commercial banks during the exercise of their business, and the research also arrived, and the bank has the ability to provide various services and pay the obligations due with its liabilities, as it was found that the higher the rate of employment and loans compared to other banks, it turns out that the bank is able to offer new loans and grant advances and other facilities. Financial statements, including the balance sheet and the statement of cash flows, for the purpose of developing and drawing up plans for the future In order for the bank not to resort to borrowing on commercial banks, a sound policy drawing to avoid exposing the bank to banking and credit risks and cash liquidity risks and formulating an effective and sound strategy for the purpose of managing the securities and loan portfolio.
Abstract
This study primarily aims to investigate the effect of strategic control on achieving advanced levels of strategic success, with a focus on exploring the degree of strategic control implementation in the Jordanian banking sector. Furthermore, this study intends to provide a comprehensive vision encompassing the key factors that contribute to achieving strategic objectives, in order to address the emerging challenges in the banking business environment. The study population consisted of all Jordanian commercial banks registered with the Association of Banks in Jordan, numbering (12) banks for the year 2025. To achieve the study objectives, data were collected using a questionnaire specifically designed for this purpose. A total of (244) questionnaires were distributed to employees in Jordanian commercial banks, including both general staff and senior management personnel such as managers, deputy managers, assistant managers, and department heads. Of these, (191) questionnaires were returned, with (184) deemed valid for analysis. For the purpose of data analysis and hypothesis testing, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS.V.23) was utilized.
This study concluded with several key findings, the most important of which was the presence of a positive and significant effect of strategic control on achieving strategic success in Jordanian commercial banks. Additionally, the study results demonstrated a high degree of strategic control implementation in Jordanian commercial banks from the perspective of their employees.
Based on these findings, the study recommends that the relevant departments in Jordanian commercial banks prioritize strategic control as an essential tool for predicting risks and identifying improvement opportunities by enhancing internal and external monitoring mechanisms to ensure long-term performance sustainability and strategic success.
Abstract
The research aims to review the role of green banking in achieving environmental sustainability, by clarifying the basic concepts of green banks and environmental sustainability, and identifying the most important advantages of green banks, and thus showing the effectiveness of using green banking products and services in achieving environmental sustainability.
The study was carried out in a sample of Iraqi banks, and to achieve the goal of the research, the questionnaire was used as a main tool for data collection, and it consists of (50) paragraphs for the purpose of measuring the dimensions of the study, according to the (Likart) scale with five-weights, and statistical methods were used to process the data for the purpose of reaching the results. Depending on the statistical analysis program (SPSS).
The research has a main hypothesis that there is a statistically significant relationship between green banks and environmental sustainability. The research reached a main conclusion, which is that Iraqi banks possess great material and human capabilities that, through their proper employment, can play a greater role in the process of protecting the environment.
And the most important recommendations of the research is the necessity of cooperation and unifying efforts between the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance by drawing a road map for converting all Iraqi banks to green banks that care about the environment.
Abstract
The research aims to measure and analyze the total effect (direct and indirect) between the administrative ability of the research sample banks (the independent variable) and the lending behavior (the dependent variable) through the employment determinant (the mediator variable). 8 commercial banks were used, or 23% of the total listed banks In the Iraqi Stock Exchange of 35 banks for the period (2006-2020). Administrative capacity has an important role in the allocation and diversification of investments, including loans, which have suffered from a high concentration recently due to the low levels of administrative capabilities of the research sample banks. Management ability was measured and analyzed using Data Envelope Analysis (DEA), and lending behavior was measured by Herfndahl-Hirschman analysis method, and employment was measured by the natural log ratio of the number of employees. The hypotheses of the study were tested using the statistical program (SmartPLS.v.3.) The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is that there is a significant effect of the administrative ability of the research sample banks in the lending behavior through the employment determinant, and this research concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to pay attention The research sample banks raise the levels of their administrative capacity because of their positive effects on directing lending behavior through the employment determinant.
Abstract
The process of pricing bank loans is one of the most important sources for the bank’s
revenues, as loans represent a large part of the bank’s assets. The research aims to measure and
know the impact of bank loan pricing indicators on credit risk. When the bank sets a high interest
rate, this leads to a loss of customers by going to other banks to obtain loans, and if a low interest
rate is set, this leads to a loss for the bank. Therefore, banks should use modern methods of
pricing bank loans. The research community represents the banks listed in the market. Iraq Stock
Exchange. As for the research sample, it consisted of 8 banks that were selected from among 24
banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange that meet the research requirements, and for the period
(2006-2015), and a set of financial indicators were used (return on net funds used, weighted
average cost of capital, Z-Score Profitability objective) Measurable research variables .
Abstract
The research tracks the problem of the high level of poverty in the country and the relationship of private commercial banks and their work to reduce this problem with the lack of effective solutions and initiatives to reduce this problem, especially since the contribution of these banks in solving this problem is limited. Therefore, the research will track the contribution of these banks to reduce poverty by developing their role And increasing the financing role, on the basis that commercial banks are a basic starting point for increasing bank financing in order to increase the establishment of small and medium enterprises, increase production capacity and contribute to the process of economic and social development, as commercial banks of all kinds are important tools of the economic system in the modern era and there is no growth, prosperity and progress without the use of work private banker.
Abstract
It is not superfluous to claim that Iraqi banks are not technologically advanced. The aim of this research is to identify the factors that affect the adoption of electronic banking services in the Iraqi banking industry. The researchers focused on discussing and examining three main factors: the technological factor, the systems factor (legal and economic), and the environment factor (internal and external). The researchers used the descriptive approach in presenting and discussing the theoretical framework of the research and previous studies. Then they used the analytical statistical approach in examining the influencing factors. The questionnaire method was used to collect primary data from the research sample, which represented 16 Iraqi banks. 101 questionnaires suitable for analysis were obtained. Compiling the answers and analysing them statistically. The results of the study indicated that the main obstacles facing the Iraqi banking industry in adopting electronic banking services are: security risks, lack of trust, lack of a legal and regulatory framework, lack of information and communications technology infrastructure, and lack of competition between local and foreign banks. The researchers proposed a series of measures that the banking industry and government could take to address the various challenges identified. These measures include: creating a clear set of legal frameworks on the use of technology in the banking industry, supporting the banking industry by investing in ICT infrastructure, and banks should focus on competing in technological innovation rather than the traditional rules of retail banking competition.
Abstract
Abstract:-
The research aims to propose a model for the sustainable growth rate for financially distressed companies. The proposed model for the sustainable growth rate is derived from the (Higgins, 1977) model for the sustainable growth rate. The research used a sample of banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period (2010-2020), which showed The results of the practical side are that there are four banks that were in financial difficulty, (Bank Of Baghdad, Iraqi Middle East Investment Bank, National Bank Of Iraq, Credit Bank Of Iraq), and that the model of sustainable growth rate for the proposed financially distressed banks is based on the basic principle of retaining profits and not distributing them to the bank’s shareholders, and the low growth rate The sustainability of the distressed banks is reflected in the decrease in the standard deviation, and thus the decrease in the financial risk of the financially troubled banks, and the research sample banks should better invest their internal funds sources to reduce the risks of external borrowing, and thus increase their financial returns with the least possible risks, and the financially distressed banks should focus on increasing the margin Net profit and asset turnover of only.
Keyword: Financial Distressed , Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR), The rate of sustainable growth of , Retained Earnings, Financial Risk . ,( ) Financial Distressed
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing the success of the transition to electronic payment systems in Iraqi banks and to analyze the relationship between the adoption of electronic payment systems and the extent to which the adoption of these systems affects the reduction of operating costs without affecting the quality of services provided by them. The importance of this study stems from the accelerated shift towards digitization in the financial field and supporting national trends towards the transition to a non-cash economy. The study adopted the null hypothesis that there is no statistically significant effect of adopting electronic payment systems in reducing operating costs in Iraqi banks. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach to explain the problem and the relationships between its elements by collecting financial data for a sample of Iraqi banks for the period (2020-2024) and deriving financial ratios that represent the study variables. The study reached several results, the most important of which is the lack of an effect of adopting electronic payment systems in reducing operating costs in Iraqi banks, despite the good level of application of electronic payment systems by these banks, with a positive correlation between the level of adoption of electronic payment systems. The level of operational costs, and the study presented several recommendations, including updating cost systems to be consistent with the nature of the digital transformation in the use of payment systems, enhancing awareness campaigns and customer confidence to expand the base of use of electronic payment methods, and updating electronic payment systems periodically to avoid technical failures and maintain cyber security.
Abstract
The research aims to identify the extent of the impact of re-engineering banking operations in strengthening internal marketing , and proposing new mechanisms aimed at overcoming obstacles that stand in the way of developing performance in banks, research sample and working to improve their performance, as the re-engineering of banking operations is a modern method used in implementing changes in banks, therefore the research community was represented by the commercial banks operating in Basra governorate and 6 banks were selected from them, the research sample included a group of 32 employees in these banks, the analysis was based on a solid base that sought to reveal the practices of these banks in how to improve their banking operation, a number of hypotheses related to the influence relationships between the research variables represented by re-engineering banking operations and internal marketing were tested, the data were processed by statistical methods using (SPSS) program, the results of the statistical analysis of the data collected through the questionnaire tool prepared for this purpose showed that there is an impact of the dimensions of the re-engineering of banking operations on the dimensions of internal marketing in banks .
Abstract
The current research aims to identify the extent of the influence of emotional intelligence on the organization’s reputation for a sample of private banks in Baghdad, as well as the extent of the interest of private banks in research variables and their dimensions, to come up with a set of recommendations that contribute to improving their practice and adoption of these variables, and based on the novelty of the variables and their importance to banks. On the one hand, and society on the other hand, the research adopted the descriptive and analytical approach in completing a chapter and discussion, and it was applied in a sample of private banks in Baghdad, so that the research community (285) of the leaders represented by everyone who occupies the functional positions (bank manager, assistant manager, bank manager Department, Associate Director of Department, Division Officer), a questionnaire was distributed to them (170) to investigate opinions about the variables studied, and it was supplemented with data, observations and limited interviews, while the research used programs (SMART PLS V.3.3 - SPSS V.26 - AMOS V.25) To analyze the primary data, with the adoption of descriptive and inferential statistical methods represented in (the normal distribution test, the exploratory factor analysis, the confirmatory factor analysis, the validity and reliability test, the arithmetic mean, the standard deviation, the relative coefficient of difference, etc. Relativity ratio, Pearson correlation coefficient, simple linear regression coefficient, multiple regression coefficient) to test the research hypotheses stemming from the main questions, and the statistical analysis showed a number of results, the most prominent of which was the keenness of private banks to improve their organizational reputation, by directing emotional intelligence (self-feeling assessment, Feeling regulation, the use of feeling) to improve its level, while the evaluation of self-feeling and the regulation of feeling directed to improving creativity, innovation, and social responsibility, it added the use of feeling to the two dimensions, self-feeling assessment and feeling organization to improve the level of quality, performance, vision and leadership.
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of financial and operational risks on the profitability of Iraqi Islamic banks as of (2014-2019), where the study population consists of all employees of Iraqi Islamic banks, with a total of (8) banks. The sample of the study consisted of (50) individuals. Eviews software was used for statistical analysis, and the analytical descriptive statistical method was applied in this study. To achieve the study objectives, the following indicators were used to express financial risks: credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and capital adequacy risk. The indicators below were used to express: With regard to financial performance (return on assets, return on equity), the difficulty of the research was the significant growth in these risks due to technological progress and the creation of new financial instruments, and the study found that financial risks had a harmful effect On the financial performance of the Iraqi banks. In the light of the previous results. The report concluded with a number of suggestions, the most important of which are: the need for Iraqi banks to implement a specific plan for risk management that improves financial performance, as well as setting up preventive and corrective internal control mechanisms. Credit grants are expanded.
Abstract
This research addresses the extent of digital transformation in the Iraqi banking sector, with a focus on a selected sample of Iraqi private banks. The research addresses the extent to which these banks adopt digital technologies to enhance their operations and customer services through quantitative analysis. The results reveal that although there is a growing interest in digital transformation Among Iraqi banks, the digital transformation in Iraqi private banks is still in its early stages compared to global trends. Although there is a growing recognition of the importance of digital technologies by banks, many of them still rely heavily on traditional banking methods, and this is due to This disparity is largely due to different levels of investment in digital infrastructure and different degrees of openness to technological change among bank management, and adoption rates remain uneven across the banking sector. This disparity is largely due to different levels of investment in digital infrastructure and different degrees of openness to technological change among bank management.
Despite these challenges, many banks have begun to implement digital solutions such as online banking, mobile applications and electronic payment systems to meet evolving customer expectations and increase competitiveness. This research highlights the need for strategic investment in digital infrastructure and regulatory reforms to enhance the environment. Conducive to digital innovation, it also emphasizes the importance of educating and raising awareness among customers to increase the adoption of digital banking services, which ultimately contributes to the modernization and growth of the sector.
Abstract
The aim of the research is to analyze and measure the effect resulting from the internal factors represented by (cash liquidity, debt ratio, capital adequacy, credit facilities to assets, bank size, quality of banking service) affecting the profitability of Iraqi commercial banks represented by the rate of return on assets (ROA) and the rate of return on assets (ROA) and the rate of return on assets. Return on Equity (ROE), and to achieve the goal of the research, a model was built to measure the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable based on the program ( Amos Statistical Analysis Twenty-Fourth Edition ) starting from the application of the multiple linear regression analysis method on a sample of two banks during the period from (2010 -2019), and the research reached a set of results, the most important of which is (there is a significant and statistically significant effect of the internal factors in the profitability indicators (ROA, ROE), and the research showed that the internal factors that most influence the profitability of commercial banks in the study sample differed from one bank to another. It was recommended to strengthen the interest in the capital adequacy ratio, the indebtedness ratio and cash liquidity because of their significant impact on the profitability of commercial banks, the research sample
Abstract
This study aims to examine the nature of the relationship between deposit structure and financial recovery in commercial banks. The sample consisted of ten Iraqi commercial banks during the period 2014–2023, and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method was applied to analyze the relationship and effects among the study variables. The findings reveal that the deposit structure has a significant impact on several financial recovery indicators, namely return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), capital adequacy ratio (CAR), and non-performing loans (NPL). The results further indicate that both savings deposits and time deposits exerted a negative effect on ROA, reflecting the limited ability of Iraqi banks to allocate depositors’ funds efficiently and generate adequate returns. Conversely, time deposits showed a clear positive impact on ROE. In addition, all types of deposits were found to have a positive and significant effect on both NPL and CAR, suggesting that growth in deposits increases lending activities and profitability, while also being associated with higher levels of non-performing loans. The significance of this study stems from the fact that deposits represent the primary source of funding for commercial banks and account for the largest share of their resources. However, the distribution of deposits by type and maturity does not necessarily guarantee financial recovery, particularly in light of the financial, health, economic, political, and technological crises that have adversely affected the Iraqi banking sector. Accordingly, the central research question is posed: To what extent does the deposit structure contribute to strengthening the ability of Iraqi commercial banks to achieve financial recovery? The study concludes that bank managements should improve the quality of banking services and adopt both pricing and non-pricing strategies to attract more stable deposits, while directing them toward high-quality assets and investments that can enhance financial performance.
Abstract
The research aims to address a fundamental issue related to the impact of Islamic finance on economic development. Islamic finance has witnessed a significant increase in the volume of its financial transactions, especially after the global crisis of 2008, making it a key source for financing various economic activities and driving growth in many countries. Islamic banks were selected as the focus of the study because they represent the core component of the Islamic financial industry in Iraq.
The research adopts the inductive approach by focusing on the development of the Islamic banking sector in Iraq, its various patterns, and its impact on economic development. The development of the Islamic banking sector is expressed through a set of indicators (total assets and financing volume), while economic development is measured through the non-oil GDP indicator. The data cover the period (2013–2022).
The study concludes that there is a statistically significant positive effect of credit volume on economic development, while no impact of total assets in Islamic banks on economic development was found. The researcher recommends the need to develop the operational mechanisms of Islamic banks in a manner that ensures strengthening their positive impact on economic development.
Abstract
The research aims to test the financial equilibrium in the Iraqi commercial banks, by utilizing a sample of (9) commercial banks listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange, for the period (2004-2019). Four financial indicators have been chosen, to measure the financial equilibrium are (liquidity index, profitability index, index financial flexibility, solvency index), and the descriptive and analytical approach was used for the data and information contained in the reports and statements of the research sample banks. Moreover, (Excel-2010) and (SPSS.V.22), to test the hypothesis and answer the question related to the problem of the study and reaching the goals, and as the research reached a set of results. the main finding of this study do not suffer from a financial imbalance resulting from weakness in its four dimensions. Furthermore, this research recommend that, the banks should evaluates its financial performance on an ongoing basis, using indicators of financial equilibrium for its importance in the strength of The financial position of any company with financial activity.
Abstract
The research aims to find out the extent of the existence of Banking Entrepreneurial in private ethnic commercial banks, as all banks seeking Entrepreneurial need to be able to manage able to find a kind of harmony, between their capabilities and technical skills and total knowledge, and possessing the vision of the future to achieve the bank's objectives, to reach a strong competitive position, and highlight the problem of how interested private banks are in the pure leadership of the research sample banks is (Ashur Bank Al-Mansour Bank, Baghdad Bank) has found a weakness in the indicators of banking leadership and recommended the need to adopt a culture of Banking Entrepreneurial and support creativity and innovation and encourage it. The research will be dealt with through four investigations, the first research includes the methodology of the research, the second discussed the theoretical aspect of the research and the third research included the practical aspect of the research, and the fourth discussed the conclusions and recommendations
Abstract
The aim of the research is to identify the impact of credit shocks on the market value of banks, and data were collected on the research sample represented by the (Iraqi Investment Bank) for the period (2010-2020) and a simple regression model was used as well as extracting the value (R²) to explain the effect of the independent variable on the changes that occur On the dependent variable, as well as the standard coefficient of regression (b), which measures the response of the dependent variable when the independent variable changes by one standard degree, using the statistical program (SPSS), and the research reached a set of practical results, including that there is a significant effect relationship between credit shocks and value The market for the bank is at a level of significance of (0.05), and the researchers suggested a number of recommendations, including the need for attention by the management of banks to study credit shocks and indicate the extent of their impact on other banking indicators. Which affects the financial position of the banks, which negatively affects the market value of its shares.
Abstract
The research aims to evaluate the performance of banks using the PATROL model as a modern model that departs from traditional evaluation models. The model used is considered an early warning tool and includes five indicators: “(capital adequacy, profitability, credit risk, regulation, liquidity).” The research methodology included the use of the descriptive aspect based on books, research, dissertations, and theses, in addition to the use of the analytical aspect through the use of mathematical equations for the indicators of the model used. The research sample represented banks (Sumer Commercial, International Islamic) due to the availability of their data announced in the stock market, in addition to not displaying the research sample to any Violations during its banking work and throughout the research period extending between (2017-2022) for the purpose of making a comparison between them when using the model in evaluating their performance and determining the best in performance. The research hypothesis was proven that the PATROL model can be used in evaluating the performance of commercial and Islamic banks. The research reached a number of conclusions. The most important of which is that using the model helps bank management in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of performance, which helps decision makers develop effective solutions to obstacles and problems in a timely manner. One of the most important main recommendations of the research is directing banks to the necessity of following up on the performance evaluation process to achieve their banking soundness and ensure their sustainability and continuity in the job.
Abstract
The research seeks to highlight the knowledge of the extent of financial and banking progress in the research sample banks, especially in light of the current global financial conditions, which are characterized by their progress and technological acceleration, In providing its services in conjunction with global openings, which encouraged the researcher to focus on studying and linking the variables of digital finance and financial stability in banks in general and the researched in particular because of these two variables, Of the importance and impact on the work of banks and the progress of their business, the questionnaire was used as a main tool in data collection, and the statistical program (Spss-Ver 23) was adopted to analyze and test research hypotheses, The researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of significant correlations and influence with positive statistical significance between digital finance and achieving financial stability in the surveyed banks, Several proposals were proposed, most notably increasing interest in digital finance mechanisms in the future to keep pace with rapid global financial developments.
Abstract
The study aims to figure out the extent to which the commitment to the application of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) affects the results of the evaluation of banking performance, the study based on a key premise that the commitment of commercial banks to the application of international financial reporting standards positively affects the results of the evaluation of banking performance through the preparation of financial statements that are transparent, appropriate and comparable with other banks in all countries of the world, For the purpose of testing the hypothesis of the research and achieving its objectives, the deductive approach was used in the presentation, study and analysis of research variables in the theoretical aspect, the descriptive quantitative analytical approach and the comparative method were adopted in the practical aspect.
The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the results of the ratios and financial indicators based on the amounts extracted from the financial statements prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards reflected positively on the evaluation of the performance of banks and led to improving the results of the performance evaluation of the bank and the process of comparison with the ratios of banks in other countries.
The study also recommended the need to intensify efforts among the relevant authorities concerned with the process of applying international financial reporting standards in banks to increase focus and shed light on finding a unified mechanism for the application of standards and follow up on their proper application.
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the impact of digital accounting systems on the quality of accounting information in commercial banks by examining the role of these systems in enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of financial information. With the rapid technological advancement, banks have increasingly relied on digital systems for recording and processing accounting data, raising questions about their effect on the quality of financial reporting and decision-making. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to review previous literature and analyze data related to the use of digital accounting systems in commercial banks. It also relies on the inductive method to draw conclusions and recommendations based on the available data analysis. The study is expected to highlight the importance of digital transformation in improving the quality of accounting information and supporting financial and managerial decision-making in the banking sector.
Abstract
Debt structure is a crucial focal point in banking sector performance, as the distribution of debt between short-term and long-term affects financial risks and the market value of banks. Within the Iraqi economic environment undergoing structural transformations, analysing this impact emerges as a strategic tool to enhance banking stability and attract investments. This study provides an in-depth analytical perspective on the impact of debt structure dimensions (short-term, long-term, and total) on the performance of Iraqi commercial banks, based on comprehensive field data and advanced statistical models, to offer actionable recommendations. This study aimed to analyse the impact of debt structure dimensions (short-term debt, long-term debt, and total debt) on the market value of Iraqi commercial banks. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. The study population comprised (366) individuals from top, middle, and executive management levels, utilizing a comprehensive survey method. A set of statistical tools was employed, including (percentages, frequencies, arithmetic means, standard deviations, factor loadings, and impact analysis), relying on the (SmartPLS.4) program for structural equation modelling. The results revealed a high level of the overall performance indicator for both debt structure and market value. Furthermore, they demonstrated a statistically significant impact of all debt structure dimensions on the market value of the banking sector under study. In light of the findings, the study recommended developing programs to issue medium/long-term bonds in partnership with the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI), allocating at least 20% of the credit portfolio to this type of financing to support infrastructure projects with stable returns.
Abstract
In light of the increased requirements for transparency and disclosure of all information related to financial and non-financial performance, especially in financial institutions, and based on the importance of financial inclusion in Egyptian banks and the disclosure of its indicators and how to implement it, the current research aims to study the role of disclosure of financial inclusion indicators on the financial performance of Egyptian banks. We study on Egyptian commercial banks, and the research reached several results, the most important of which is that financial inclusion is one of the basic pillars for achieving financial stability by supporting the stability of the deposit base and improving the flexibility of financing and investment in the banking sector, which leads to the ability of the financial system to withstand economic shocks, as the researcher recommended. Several points, including the following: the need to pay attention to the basic elements necessary to increase the quality of financial reports in the commercial banks under study, and the necessity of working to pay attention to the nature of the strong relationship that links indicators of the application of financial inclusion and the quality of financial reports, as well as the necessity of benefiting from the positive impact of indicators of the application of financial inclusion on the quality of financial reports.
Abstract
The banking crisis occurs in the banking system when cash withdrawals from all types of bank accounts by bank customers suddenly rise, that is, when the bank’s or financial institution’s liabilities are greater than financial assets and then its inability to cover the liabilities, then the cash and its equivalents are not guaranteed. The quality of the loan portfolio and the increase in bad loans from it have an impact on the financial position, and for this reason and in the aftermath of the recent financial crisis (2008), the International Accounting Standards Board, in cooperation with international organizations, issued the International Financial Reporting Standard (9) to recalculate the expected credit losses of financial instruments according to scientific grounds To avoid defaulting in debt repayment, the research focused on the challenges facing commercial and Islamic banks in Iraq in implementing the guiding regulations issued by the Central Bank of Iraq, which mandated the application of the standard as of 2019 in light of the capabilities available in those banks.
With the aim of the research to shed light on the requirements of the standard IFRS-9) and procedures for banks in the application of the standard and the role of the Central Bank of Iraq in monitoring banks to ensure that those requirements are met. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the timing of the application of the standard is not appropriate due to the circumstances that Iraq is going through, and many commercial activities have stopped due to the outbreak of the Corona virus with the decline in oil prices. 2019 until a later time until the appropriate environment for the application is available
Abstract
This research aims to study the impact of internal audit on risk management in light of internal audit standards. The research was carried out on a sample of public banks operating within the State of Iraq, where the collected data was analyzed by conducting an applied study and conducting a questionnaire for that, and international standards for internal auditing were used as a tool. To evaluate the impact of internal audit on risk management, the results of the study showed that there is a positive and strong relationship between internal audit and risk management through the contribution of internal audit in improving risk management procedures and enhancing internal control in banks. The research recommended the importance of strengthening the role of internal audit as an effective tool in improving risk management in public banks.
Abstract
The research aims to shed light on the effect of credit risk on the share prices that economic units are exposed to, represented by commercial banks, the sample of the research, as a result of the credit facilities they grant, which are represented in loans and advances, and since these units earn profits through credit facilities, they bear some risks due to some default In terms of payment, where the risks relate to the return directly, as the higher the return, the greater the risk. As for the research sample, it was represented by commercial banks, which amounted to five banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period from (2015-2019). Financial indicators were used to measure these risks as well as the use of the SPSS program. To analyze the data and test hypotheses, a set of conclusions and recommendations were reached that support the research, and the results showed a statistically significant effect of non-performing loans on stock prices. The research also found a statistically significant effect of the provision for credit losses on stock prices. Bad loans for some banks reached a dangerous stage, reaching (1.09) for the Assyrian Bank for the year (2017) and the Bank of Baghdad (0.82) for General (2018).
Abstract
Despite the successive governments’ efforts to achieve the dimensions of sustainable development in Iraq, the current reality indicates that Iraq remains one of the countries lagging in this field. Therefore, this research analyzes the status of the banking sector in light of banking reforms and the capital market’s role in promoting and achieving the dimensions of sustainable development. It sheds light on some key indicators and concludes with a set of findings, the most important of which is that Iraq is still behind in realizing sustainable development due to the difficult circumstances it faces. These include the persistent deficit in the general budget, the lack of genuine efforts to achieve sustainable development, increasing environmental pollution, and the widespread phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption, all of which can undermine any development plan. The research concludes with a set of recommendations, the most significant of which are: monitoring the outcomes of strategic plans set by government institutions within their work programs and disclosing achievement rates in creating opportunities, employment, and realizing the benefits of large-scale production; strengthening cooperation between banks and the capital market by having banks offer diversified financial and investment services within the capital market; establishing green investment funds jointly financed by banks and investors to support sustainable development; and raising awareness among investors about the importance of sustainable development and their role in achieving it.
Abstract
As a result of the great developments witnessed by the business environment in recent years, this has led to the necessity of shifting all transactions in accounting systems from the manual system to the electronic system, as these systems are characterized by providing accurate results in a short time compared to the manual system. Therefore, this research aims to demonstrate the effect of applying Information technology governance mechanisms according to the COBIT framework in enhancing investors’ confidence in the financial statements, and testing whether these mechanisms (planning and organization, support and delivery, ownership and implementation, follow-up and evaluation) have a role in enhancing investors’ confidence in the financial statements. The research dealt with private banks operating in the Iraqi environment as a community to conduct the practical test, while the sample included individuals working in these banks. To obtain data, the researchers prepared a questionnaire form, where (125) questionnaires were distributed, from which (118) were recovered, of which (110) were valid for analysis. While (8) were excluded because they were not valid, the researchers adopted the statistical program (SPSS) to reach the results. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that information technology governance according to the (COBIT) framework contributes fundamentally to the preparation of financial reports that are characterized by reliability and appropriateness because one of the governance standards is Highlighting the accuracy and objectivity of financial reports, in addition to adherence to rules and legislation, and this is reflected positively in enhancing investors’ confidence in the financial statements provided by the banks in the research sample. One of the most important recommendations presented by the research is the necessity of bank management adopting the COBIT framework as a means of information technology governance and control, as well as the necessity of qualifying human resources in banks to use modern and advanced information systems in order to achieve the maximum benefits desired from this technology in obtaining appropriate outputs that reflect positively. On the quality of financial reports provided by the banks in the research sample.
Abstract
The study aims to find the relationship between internal auditing of the quality of sustainability reports and the quality of financial reports after auditing, and the extent to which banks respond. Based on the changes resulting from stakeholders and their pressures on an ongoing basis To come to the conclusion that the preparation of high-quality sustainability reports has a significant positive correlation with the quality of financial reports after auditing, the correlation between the quality of sustainability reports and the quality of financial reports after audit is conditional on the quality of the audit process. The results of the study showed that Islamic banks rely on reporting principles that focus on the quality of sustainability reports and these principles are particularly important for stakeholders to determine the quality of sustainability reports. the quality of the audit process has an impact on improving the quality of sustainability and financial reports by increasing confidence and credibility of accounting information and the absence of errors, and manipulating accounts, which improves the quality of information, leading to its reliance on decision-making. The study recommended that Islamic banks conduct internal audits based on "quality control" in order to reach a professional and impartial report by the Internal Audit Department that benefits all stakeholders and shareholders, and to apply the six rules of the principles of quality sustainability reports, through full disclosure of information, statement of impacts, assistance to stakeholders or beneficiary clients in decision-making, identification of procedures and the development of proposed hypotheses for the preparation of such disclosures.
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the impact of financial leasing revenues on financial performance in the banking sector, by identifying the nature of financial leasing and its benefits, and knowing the extent to which banks benefit from financial leasing and its impact on their banking performance, as well as showing a financing method that enables banks, especially Islamic banks, to rely It must use it to invest its money and investments.
The research referred to the experiences of both Japan and Jordan by knowing the impact of financial leasing in both countries and the extent of their success in benefiting from the advantages provided by this activity. It was found that the success of financial leasing activity in developed countries is evidence of the advantages that this activity provides if it is implemented. correctly.
The research relied on the main hypothesis that financial leasing positively affects the banking financial performance of Islamic banks that adopted this formula.
The research reached the conclusion that financial leasing affects banking performance in developing countries slightly, but its impact in developed countries is better, and the reason for this is due to the instability in the economies of these countries, and this fluctuation in the volume of financial leasing activity in Arab countries reflects many problems and challenges. facing this activity.
One of the most important recommendations reached by the research is the need to provide full support to the banking sector by governments to be able to provide financial leasing services and benefit from them, as well as the need to educate administrators in the banking sector about the importance of financial leasing and the benefits expected from its use.
Abstract
The research discussed the importance of non-financial information and the extent of its disclosure and its reflection on the market value of Iraqi commercial banks. The research sample included in the Iraq Stock Exchange, as a list of information required to be disclosed in banks consisting of (67) elements was prepared, and applied to each of the banks as a sample Research to find out whether the bank discloses the information or not, and the information was divided into four groups: a strategy, a non-financial financial, and another to measure the independent variable represented by the non-financial disclosure, while the average annual price of the share was used as a measure to measure the dependent variable represented by the market value of bank shares, which is It is extracted by (the annual trading volume of the bank the number of shares traded), and among the most important conclusions reached by the research are: There is no correlation and moral impact between the non-financial disclosure and the market value. While the research concluded with presenting a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: The need for investors to be aware of the importance of non-financial disclosure as it provides additional information related to risk management such as risks (credit, market, liquidity, interest rates, foreign currency) and future expectations regarding stock prices, cash flows, revenues and profits. And capital expenditures, given that the disclosure of financial information does not provide investors with the future evaluation of the bank and the ability to fully understand the opportunities and risks, which helps them in the process of visualizing future risks and opportunities in addition to evaluating the financial expectations of the bank in the distant future, which enables them to make a rational decision in investing in the bank’s shares.
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the relationship of the effect of credit efficiency through indicators (the ratio of total loans to total assets, the ratio of total loans to total deposits and the percentage of provision for loan losses) on the earnings per share of five commercial banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange, the research started from a problem that Commercial banks suffer from their inability to employ the inputs in a way that helps them reduce costs to increase returns. The statistical analysis was done by using the cross-sectional data analysis method (Panel Data) through the ready program (EViews v.12), and the financial analysis was done by (Excel). The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a significant influence relationship of credit efficiency on earnings per share in commercial banks. The research also presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to develop solid credit policies to reduce costs and avoid credit risks and default by borrowers, thus reflecting positively on earnings per share.
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the role of the financing structure variables in reducing the financial fragility of private commercial banks. Bank operation and continuity. In its practical aspect, the study relied on a set of published financial reports and statements for two of the banks listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for the period between 2005 - 2019. And to test its main hypothesis, multiple regressions was used in the method of regressive deletion. The study reached a set of results, perhaps the most important of which is that there is a statistically significant inverse effect between ownership finance and financial fragility in the study sample banks. Traditional and modern hedging mechanisms that help it get rid of fragility, as well as the application of the Altman model to measure financial fragility and determine its financial position.
Abstract
The research aims to clarify the nature of the banking human resources management information system, as well as to introduce the concept of redesigning jobs in banking organizations, in addition to determining the frameworks of the relationship of correlation and influence between the two variables in the Iraqi banking sector in order to identify a number of means that can be adopted by banking departments in order to build an integrated business model linking the outputs of information systems and their adoption in the process of scientific and systematic redesign of jobs and highlights the importance of the study by addressing important administrative topics added To the literature of administrative sciences, in particular the banking human resources information system and the element of redesigning banking functions, and a sample
The study with (83) respondents in (4) private banks in Baghdad and the opinions of the sample were polled through a questionnaire prepared for this purpose and conducted statistical treatments according to the program (SPSS) and a research came out with a number of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a high impact relationship to the level of development and performance of the human resources information system in redesigning jobs and one of the most important recommendations of the study is the need for the various banking departments, whether operational or supportive, to accurately determine their needs from the various disciplines so that the human resources department in banks can reach To harmonize the job with the specifications of the incumbent and through the use of methods in redesigning jobs in a scientific manner, specifically when using the method of job characteristics
Abstract
The aim of the research is to clarify and determine the role of voluntary accounting disclosure in the process of evaluating banking performance, which has become increasingly important in the recent period as a result of the developments witnessed by the financial markets regarding the type and quantity of information contained in the financial reports of companies, and this is achieved by testing research hypotheses and trying to reach a solution to its problem by trying to determine the extent of dependence of each of the CAMELS indicators on information classified as voluntary or voluntary disclosures within the reports, and within this framework, the research problem revolves around the dependence of all or some of the indicators of the camels system on voluntary accounting information published in financial reports, Is there a relationship between voluntary accounting disclosure in the financial reports of banks and the results of evaluating their banking performance under the camels system The research is based on two hypotheses, the first of which is the role of voluntary accounting disclosure of banks in assessing banking performance using the six camels indicators, and the second is that some CAMELS indicators rely on voluntary accounting information to varying degrees, The research also aimed at determining the impact of voluntary accounting disclosures of banks in assessing banking performance using the CAMELS system or not, and determining the size and shape of the relationship between the results of the banking evaluation using the CAMELS system and the volume of voluntary accounting disclosure in financial reports in addition to identifying the indicators of the CAMELS system that rely on voluntary accounting information disclosure, Therefore, through the research, the CAMELS system was applied to the Bank of Baghdad and using the method of financial analysis, many conclusions were reached, the most important of which was the study showed the existence of a role for voluntary accounting disclosures in assessing banking performance among the elements of the camels banking evaluation system in the banks sample study and the importance of applying the CAMELS investors have a clearer picture of the bank.
Abstract
This research aims to diagnose the impact of the quality of bank assets from loans and credit loans on cash flows generated from operating activities by studying a sample of commercial banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange for a period of 10 years from 2010 to 2019. The research used the descriptive analytical approach based on the SPSS statistical program by measuring the strength of the correlation between the study variables by simple linear regression and continuity of chains. The problem of the research was whether cash flows through operating activities are affected by the quality of bank assets? The research found that there is a positive moral impact between the quality of assets and cash flows. The quality of assets is a good indicator of the predictability of future cash flows as a result of the direct relationship and the positive impact between them. This encourages banks to focus on achieving the quality of assets with the aim of obtaining cash flows from their operating activities. The research recommends the need to reduce the proportion of non-performing loans through credit undertakings and by managing the potential risks of bank loans and other assets while at the same time adopting sustainability policies that achieve high profitability ratios and thus high cash flows.
Abstract
Given the great importance of financial stocks and their significant role as one of the financial assets used in building the optimal investment portfolio, they are exposed to many risks, the most important of which is the decline in their market value. Therefore, our study addressed the reverse split method as a financial method used to raise the prices of financial stocks with low prices. A sample of Iraqi banks that suffer from A decrease in the level of share prices of (14) Iraqi banks for the period from 6/2014 to 6/2024, as the research aims to know the extent of the ability of the reverse segmentation method in building optimal investment portfolios when implementing the reverse segmentation, and two sides of the reverse segmentation were taken, which are the positive side represented by the rise in prices, as well as the negative side represented by the decrease Stock prices when implementing the reverse split, and the research aims to know the effect of this method on the returns and risks of stocks after its implementation, especially the returns and risks of portfolios that were built based on the cut rate as well as the performance of these portfolios, as it was found that the effect of the reverse split of stocks was found whether at a rise in the price level or at a fall in stock prices after its implementation, and that the returns The risk levels increased more when prices rose after the reverse split than when prices fell. The research results also showed that the optimal portfolio’s return when prices rose after the reverse split was higher than the portfolio’s return after the price decline. However, the risk of the optimal investment portfolio when prices fell after the reverse split was higher, the risk of the investment portfolio is higher when prices rise after implementation. The reverse split did not play any role in improving the performance of the investment portfolio whether prices rose or fell. Therefore, investment portfolio managers who seek to achieve high levels of returns regardless of the level of risk associated with those returns should buy shares of banks that implemented the split decision. Reverse, and this requires the management of the Iraq Stock Exchange to include the reverse split within the procedures in effect in the Iraq Stock Exchange.
Abstract
This research aims to know the role that strategic intelligence performed in its dimensions (forecasting, organized thinking, partnership, invention, and benchmarking) in influencing customer relationship management in its dimensions (customer acquisition, strengthening the relationship with the customer, customer retention, customer satisfaction) for a sample of private banks In the province of Baghdad, the two researchers relied on the questionnaire as a measure of the research variables, and the relationship between them was tested by selecting intentional sample that included (106) of (principals of senior departments - departments - and administrative units) working in the banking sector using statistical methods(SPSS, v.25) The results showed a direct impact relationship of strategic intelligence in managing customer relations, and the increasing interest of the surveyed banks in strengthening the relationship with the customer, which was one of its most prominent goals, and the research reached to a number of recommendations, most notably working on paying attention to strategic intelligence and activating its role among banking leaders to support invention capabilities and improve the reality of banking services.
Abstract
The research aims to shed light on the importance and role of the external auditor's report in rationalizing the decisions taken by decision makers and to identify the most important basic contents of the external auditor's report as a concept, objectives and standards and the extent of their impact on credit decision-making in Iraqi banks. To achieve the goal of this research, an experimental study was conducted. It was subjected to a sample of credit officers working in (18) banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange, and their number reached (53) individuals, through the preparation of (4) hypothetical external audit reports, each of which includes one of the types of opinion expressed by the external auditor to measure the impact of the auditor’s opinion External factors on the elements of the credit decision represented in the size of the loan, the interest rate, the term of the loan and the size of the collateral required. ). The researcher concluded: "There is a statistically significant effect of the external auditor's report on the decision to grant credit."
Abstract
In light of the importance of stocks, whose investment and trading play a fundamental role in stock market activity, it is therefore necessary to show importance in evaluating and predicting the prices of these stocks in the future. In light of the changes in economic conditions and the difficulty of forecasting, this research dealt with one of the financial methods represented by (valuation multiples) with its six models for forecasting and evaluating stock prices and applying them to real data in the Iraqi Stock Exchange by taking a sample of the banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange, which are banks ( Assyria, Baghdad, Iraqi Commercial, Business Gulf, Iraqi Investment, Al-Mansour, Sumer) which are continuing within the market activities by publishing their annual share prices, as the research aimed to determine the accuracy and closeness of the banks’ evaluation of their share prices to the market prices through the use of (valuation multipliers) For the period from (2016-2020) up to the predicted year, which is 2021, and then comparing it with the market price for the year (2021), which can greatly affect investment strategies and market activity. In addition, the relationship between the two values was tested through the nonparametric test, Mann-Whitney, in proportion to the selected sample. In light of this, the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that some of these banks are valued higher than their market value, and some are equal to or lower than the market value. Which resulted in the fact that there are no significant differences between the real value calculated by valuation multiples and the market value of the stock according to statistical tests.
Abstract
Central bank digital currencies are the reaction of central banks to illegal digital currencies of all kinds, whether central bank digital currencies are a new tool for monetary policy or just a new factor in global and local markets. It presents banks with unpredictable opportunities and challenges. The research discusses the basic tasks and functions of the central bank in managing the monetary mass. And the global and regional experiences of digital currencies. And dealt with possible scenarios for the issuance of legal digital currencies. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which was that there are three scenarios for the issuance of digital currencies. From the central banks and the wholesale scenario of cross-border payments is the most convincing as it helps to get rid of the inefficiency of payment systems.
Abstract
Banks are exposed to many financial risks that arise when the bank faces difficulty in recovering loans from borrowers, which may affect the bank's assets and its ability to meet its obligations. There are also market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates, stock prices, and exchange rates, which negatively impact the value of assets. In addition, there are liquidity risks related to the bank's inability to meet liquidity needs suddenly, such as the withdrawal of deposits or financing loans, which creates challenges in achieving a balance between profitability and liquidity. Non-financial risks to which banks are exposed include operational risks resulting from the failure of internal systems or procedures, and legal risks arising from failure to comply with laws and regulations, which may lead to fines or legal cases. There are also strategic risks resulting from making incorrect decisions that affect the bank's future, in addition to reputational risks related to damage to the bank's image as a result of customer complaints or financial crises. To manage these risks, banks implement multiple strategies such as hedging, diversifying investments, and ensuring the implementation of regulatory requirements. Risk management helps improve the bank's stability and enhance its ability to make sound financial decisions, enabling it to reduce losses. Potential, capital preservation, and long-term sustainability are guaranteed, which increases the level of trust between clients and investors.
Abstract
This study aims to compare and improve the methods of building investment portfolios for a sample of Iraqi banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, by comparing traditional methods such as the Markowitz model with modern techniques based on machine learning. The Markowitz model is key to balancing return and risk across the medium-variance optimization framework, a traditional model that many financial institutions rely on. The study focused on exploring the extent to which machine learning techniques such as key component analysis (PCA), supporting vector machine (SVM), logistic regression, and random forest can improve the performance of the investment portfolios of these banks in a volatile environment such as the Iraq Stock Exchange. These techniques rely on processing and analyzing huge financial data to discover hidden patterns and relationships that help increase returns and reduce risk more effectively compared to traditional methods. The historical financial data related to the shares and assets of the banks of the research sample in the Iraq Stock Exchange was used to evaluate the performance of portfolios according to indicators such as expected return, variance, and Sharpe ratio. The study aims to provide innovative solutions that help banks make smarter and more effective investment decisions, commensurate with the local market conditions and the economic and political challenges they face.
Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate liquidity risk and its impact on banking security using the audited annual financial statements of Iraqi commercial banks for the period between 2016-2020AD for five of the Iraqi commercial banks. To test the study hypotheses, the percentages that represent the indicators of liquidity and banking security were extracted, and using the simple regression analysis method, the correlation coefficient, the coefficient of determination and the T-test as tools for analysis through the statistical program Mini tab 18, the results showed a statistically significant relationship between the dependent and independent variable represented by measures Bank liquidity and banking security in the Iraqi commercial banks, the subject of the study, and some conclusions and recommendations were reached for the purpose of overcoming the risks of bank liquidity.
Abstract
The research aims to know the extent to which the principles of governance are applied to the accounting conservatism in the Iraq Stock Exchange represented by the commercial banks (Al-Khaleeji Commercial Bank, Al-Mansour Investment Bank, Development Investment Bank, Iraqi Middle East Investment Bank, Sumer Commercial Bank, Ashur International Investment Bank) where the problem was The research is there an effect of applying the principles of governance on accounting conservatism, and a questionnaire was used to collect data, and the research tool included (33) paragraphs, and (92) questionnaires were distributed through personal e-mails (58) questionnaires through personal interviews, where a sample was formed Research from (120) employees working in the banking sector. The results were analyzed using the statistical program (spss), with a correlation relationship attributed to the application of governance principles to accounting conservatism. The research hypotheses were tested using (Kolmogorov-Smirnov K-S) program, and accounting conservatism was measured by using the (BTM) model through actual data. For the published financial reports, through the use of a measure of the book value of property rights to the market value of property rights, and the research ended with the most important conclusions and recommendations, which are that Iraqi banks are committed to applying the principles of governance, and that there is a correlation relationship attributed to it between the application of Iraqi banks to the principles of governance and the level of accounting conservatism. Determine the relative importance of the principles of governance on the practices of accounting conservatism
Abstract
The aim of this research is to try to shed light on the effectiveness of the work of banks when approving mergers between them, to identify the extent to which the banking system benefits from banking mergers, as it is one of the important means of raising the effectiveness of the banks’ performance and increasing their financial capabilities as a step to encourage banks to merge with each other.
Banking merger has repercussions on the performance of the banking sector in improving the level of profitability and banking liquidity.
The research relied on the deductive approach by monitoring and studying some international experiences, (evaluating the experience of the merger of First Gulf Bank with SABB Bank, and financial data were taken two years before the merger and four years after the merger) and (evaluating the experience of the merger of First Gulf Bank and National Abu Dhabi, and financial data were taken. Two years before the merger and four years after the merger) and he also used the quantitative method by using financial indicators to reach the results of evaluating these experiences.
The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the merger had positive repercussions on the banking performance of liquidity indicators, while it had a negative impact on profitability indicators. There is a noticeable increase in the customer base and an increase in banking capital
Abstract
This research aims to identify the role of banking governance in rationalizing financial decisions, and in order to achieve this, a hypothetical scheme was formulated from which the assumptions emerged which state the existence of correlations and influence between banking governance and the rationalization of financial decisions. Banking has a role in rationalizing financial decisions in banks, and the questionnaire form was used to collect data, and Rafidain Bank (in its Mosul and Bartella branches) was chosen as a community to implement the research, and its employees are a sample of 34 respondents. Data were analyzed and conclusions were drawn through the statistical program (SPSS). Ver 16), and many conclusions were reached, the most important of which is (that banking governance has an important role in rationalizing financial decisions in banks, and that the level of its approval and rationalization of financial decisions in the researched bank is roughly average) and based on the conclusions a set of proposals was proposed, the most important of which is (increase The interest of banks in banking governance because of its important role and clear influence in rationalizing financial decisions and thus contribute to making sound financial decisions to achieve goals Behold the strategy).
Abstract
This research aims to analyze and evaluate the liquidity and banking performance indicators of the Bank of Baghdad for the period (2018–2023). Liquidity in Iraqi commercial banks is a crucial economic issue that impacts the financial and banking performance of the country, especially due to economic and political fluctuations that may hinder banks from providing sufficient funding for investment projects. This, in turn, negatively affects growth and production, leading to a decline in the financial performance of commercial banks. The research is based on the hypothesis that liquidity has a significant impact on banking performance. It adopts the deductive approach by combining both descriptive-analytical and quantitative methods. The study includes two variables: one independent and one dependent. The independent variable is the banking liquidity shock, while the dependent variables are banking performance, represented by the return on investment (ROI) and earnings per share (EPS). The researcher concluded that the Bank of Baghdad experienced very high liquidity ratios during the study period, indicating its ability to meet obligations and fulfill customer demands. This suggests that the bank enjoys strong financial performance and a solid credit position. However, profitability rates declined due to the bank’s efforts to balance liquidity and profitability.
Abstract
Financial inclusion, defined as the process of ensuring access to appropriate financial services for all individuals and businesses, plays a crucial role in driving economic development and reducing poverty. In this context, universal banks—also known as full-service or universal banks—have emerged as key players in promoting financial inclusion by offering a wide range of financial services under one roof. These institutions provide individuals and businesses with access to savings, credit, insurance, investments, and payment services, which are essential for participating in modern economic activities.
Abstract
The noticeable increase in the volume of financial transactions made in encrypted digital currencies at the international level, and the risks that such transactions pose to international financial and economic relations, made the study of the impact of these (Cryptocurrencies and Digital) currencies on the effectiveness of the functions of central banks and their ability to manage monetary policies and employ Its. This study came to analyze the relationship between the impact of encrypted currencies and the overall international monetary relations by first identifying each of the encrypted and legal digital currencies and then identifying monetary policy tools through the tools of central banks, and then reviewing the volume of transactions in Encrypted digital currencies at the international level to analyze the impact of the increasing volume of these transactions on the effectiveness of monetary policies. The study concluded to prove the hypothesis that cryptocurrencies have a significant negative impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy by reducing the effectiveness of various monetary policy tools, but such an impact can be codified and managed by setting controls for monetary transactions at the local and international levels, and central banks sutible policies.
Abstract
The research aims to demonstrate the importance of the economic business environment and the restrictions imposed on banks in general that may limit banking activity. Banks have to analyze the environment in which they intend to work in order to know these restrictions and analyze them in order to be able to adapt to them. Without banks analyzing that environment, they will not be able to continue their activities, .The research problem arises in highlighting trends that restrict banking activity in Iraq, and this will be done through three sections .The first introduced a profile of business environment in Iraq, while the second investigated the main features of the banking system .As for the third topic, it includes an assessment of the banking activities in light of the general economic business environment. Relevant Indicators showed that there are external variables inherent in the general business environment that affect banking activity both directly and indirectly.
Abstract
The research intends to show the internal determinants and to evaluate and measure their impact on commercial bank profitability, as internal determinants are key and influential indicators on Joint Stock companies performance that are within their control and management. The bank's size) as internal factors have become a concern for them in view of the quick changes and advances in the banking world and its technologies.
As a result, for the period 2015-2020, this research was applied to a sample of Joint Stock companies listed in the Iraqi market for securities, represented by the selection of (13) banks, namely Ashur, Baghdad, Iraqi commercial, investment, Iraqi Gulf, international development, Sumer, Mosul, Mansour, Al-Ahly of Iraq, Al-Mutated, Middle East, and used the descriptive analytical approach of the research variables available in the research sample banks in order to Return on deposits, rate of return on available money (as calculated by the statistical tool EViews V9), and use of panel data analysis according to the three models (accumulation regression model, fixed-effects model, random-effects model) according to this analysis, which will cover the research period (2015-2020). With the research sample represented by (13) banks. Through the application of tablet data, it was discovered that the internal determinants do not significantly affect the profitability ratios or the dependent variable at a significant level of 5 and 10%/4, respectively, whereas the aggregate model was significant and more appropriate according to the restricted f test, i.e. accepting the fifth hypothesis and vice versa if it was rejected. The constant is preferable, but if the Hausman test discovered a Chi-sq value less than the tabular at the 5% level, then this model is preferable to the constant, i.e. the rejection of the sixth hypothesis, and if the coefficient of determination was stronger and significant in the fixed model. than the random model It is more likely and appropriate according to these results.
Abstract
This research aims to test the relationship and impact between green finance strategies (environmental, social, economic, governance, and compliance) and the management of climate change risks (physical, liability, and transition). The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach to achieve its objectives. It analyzed the reality of three private Iraqi banks: the National Bank of Iraq, the International Development Bank, and the Bank of Baghdad. To collect the necessary data, a field questionnaire was distributed to a sample consisting of managers, department heads, employees, and others working in private banks in Iraq. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed, 50 for each bank, and 124 valid responses were retrieved for statistical analysis. The researcher used the SPSS program to analyze the statistical data, test the hypotheses, and measure the relationships between the variables. The study also referred to the Egyptian experience as a model for implementing green finance strategies and addressing climate change. The research focused on two main hypotheses: the first assumes a significant correlation between green finance strategies and climate change risks across the various dimensions such as environmental, social, economic, governance, and compliance. The second hypothesis assumes that green finance strategies have a statistically significant impact on the management of climate change risks at both the main and sub-variable levels. The importance of the research lies in introducing and deepening the understanding of green finance and climate change issues, and in analyzing the extent to which green finance contributes to addressing climate-related risks. The results of the analysis confirmed the validity of all hypotheses, revealing statistically significant relationships between the strategies (environmental, social, economic, governance) and the three types of climate risks (physical, liability, and transition), which confirms the growing awareness of the importance of green finance.
Abstract
This research examines how digital technology can be used to prevent financial crises and improve organizations' financial performance. It explains what digital transformation means in financial environments and how it impacts current processes and systems. It also reviews the main causes of financial failure in banks, such as mismanagement, lack of information, and weak oversight. It also examines how banks' ability to make informed financial decisions and anticipate risks can be enhanced to reduce financial failure through digital transformation. It also analyzes the challenges and obstacles that banks may face when implementing digital transformation strategies and how they can be overcome
Abstract
The United Arab Emirates has established a distinguished economic and social model characterized by its ability to keep pace with rapid technological and digital transformations, as well as its continuous expansion in investment and development activities. Despite this progress, the UAE remains vulnerable to fluctuations resulting from global economic crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic, which had a substantial impact on financial markets, liquidity levels, and capital mobility.
This study examines the structural characteristics of the UAE economy and its development policies through key macroeconomic indicators, namely gross domestic product (GDP), the inflation rate, and the public debt ratio. It then analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the UAE banking system by focusing on Emirates NBD Bank and First Abu Dhabi Bank, based on selected financial indicators, including net profit, return on assets (ROA), and return on equity (ROE).
Among the most important conclusions reached by the study is that the COVID-19 crisis revealed the resilience and efficiency of the UAE banking sector in dealing with the pandemic and achieving an early recovery. This resilience contributed to financial stability and superior profitability for both banks. However, the pace and nature of recovery differed between the two institutions. Emirates NBD Bank achieved the highest levels of profitability and return on assets, while First Abu Dhabi Bank maintained steady growth, reflecting the adoption of a long-term risk management strategy. This diversity in banks’ policies contributes to the creation of a balanced banking system capable of effectively coping with crisis.
As for the key recommendations, the study emphasizes the need to strengthen the role of the banking sector in raising public awareness, as well as monitoring the damages suffered by customers in the aftermath of crises, giving due consideration to their interests, and ensuring the protection of their rights through a comprehensive set of regulatory and supportive measures.
Abstract
The research aims to demonstrate the importance of the economic business environment and the restrictions imposed on banks in general that may limit banking activity. Banks have to analyze the environment in which they intend to work in order to know these restrictions and analyze them in order to be able to adapt to them. Without banks analyzing that environment, they will not be able to continue their activities, .The research problem arises in highlighting trends that restrict banking activity in Iraq, and this will be done through three sections .The first introduced a profile of business environment in Iraq, while the second investigated the main features of the banking system .As for the third topic, it includes an assessment of the banking activities in light of the general economic business environment. Relevant Indicators showed that there are external variables inherent in the general business environment that affect banking activity both directly and indirectly.
Abstract
The problem of research is responsible for the question: How important is the policies of Sudanese banks with the Forensic Reviews of Investment and Auditing of Islamic Financial Institutions from 2010-2020? The aim of this research is also aimed at identifying the following: The concept of monetary policy in Islamic banks accounting for Islamic financial institutions and the criterion of the forensic posts issued by the extent to which bank policies agreed with the Forensic Reviews of Accounting and Auditing of Islamic Financial Institutions "Study of Sudanese banks from 2010 2020. The search assumes that the policy policies are consistent with the criterion of the Shari'a for investment by the Accounting and Review of Islamic Financial Institutions. Projects funded in formulas with legitimate anti-investment standards. The bank's policy in the acquisition of clients is experienced in the management of projects financed in the formula of participation with the legitimate IPO standards and the Bank's policy is consistent to adopt the concept of business leadership through participation formats with legitimate ipments.
Abstract
The research aims to test a hypotheses explaining the behavior of commercial banks towards government borrowing in the Iraqi economy on the one hand and the effect of internal government borrowing on bank credit. government borrowing on bank credit. The lazy bank hypothesis is one of the explanations for banking behavior, it believe a continuous increase in government borrowing from commercial banks can create a risk that leads banks to reduce their lending to the risky private sector compared to granting loans to the public (government) sector and thus eliminates their incentives to search for new profitable opportunities To invest in the private sector.
The effect of crowding out means that the rise in government sector spending leads to a decrease in private spending or sometimes even cancellation. The main reason for crowding out is to reduce the government deficit if the government borrows from the market to fill this deficit so the demand for investment in the market increases and the value of money in the market increases automatically And the interest rate increases. Using a method of Co-integration and a Error Correction Model to measure the relationship between internal government borrowing and credit in a short and long term for the period Jan. 2006-May 2020 monthly data . the results of the econometric model supported this hypothesis, which reflects negatively on the size and effectiveness of the private sector and its role in the Iraqi economy
Abstract
الجامعات العصرية اليوم لم تعد تقتصر على التعليم ، بل امتد دورها للمساهمة في الناتج المحلي الاجمالي ووضع أسس بناء مجتمع المعرفة للمستقبل.
وقد شهد العقد الأخير في التعليم العالي العالمي تحولاً جذرياً في النظم الإدارية الجامعية والثقافة التنظيمية لتواكب العولمة والمكانة الدولية بين المؤسسات التعليمية ، وشاع الانسحاب الجزئي من الاعتماد على الدعم الحكومي الكامل، والخدمة المحلية إلى الاستثمار المعرفي والتسويق الدولي.
هذا المفهوم الجديد الذي بدأ يتشكل علمياً في بداية الألفية الجديدة ، الذي يدعو إلى أن أحد أهم الأدوار الرئيسة للجامعة الريادية ، المساهمة في التنمية الاقتصادية من خلال إطلاق المشاريع الابتكارية المنتجة.
ان الجامعة الريادية Entrepreneurial university هي الجامعة التي يمكنها الابتكار والتعاون واغتنام الفرص والاستجابة بنجاح للصعوبات.
وستتمكن الجامعات الريادية من البقاء في سوق تنافسية للغاية ، إذا كانت لديها خطط واضحة لإثبات التميز في التدريس والبحث العلمي وريادة الأعمال.
كما تسعى الجامعات الريادية إلى أن تصبح جامعات "قائمة بذاتها" تلعب دورًا مهمًا وتقدم وتدعم مختلف تدابير الدعم لأنشطة ريادة الأعمال من خلال التعاون الوثيق مع الشركاء والشبكات مع مؤسسات القطاعين العام والخاص من خلال الاستثمار في رأس مالها الاجتماعي من أجل تسهيل إنشاء واستثمار المعرفة والتكنولوجيا.
وتعرف الجامعة الريادية على انها الجامعة التي تركز على التأثير الاقتصادي للمساهمات المجتمعية، وتنمية ريادة الأعمال في التعليم، وتسويق البحوث.
فيما يعرف التعليم الريادي بأنه: مجموعة من الأنشطة تهدف إلى رعاية العقليات والمهارات الريادية، كما يغطي مجموعة واسعة من جوانب أخرى مثل ( توليد الفكرة، النمو، والابتكار، فينبغي على التعليم الريادي ان يطور قيم ومعتقدات واتجاهات الطلبة، بحيث ينظرون لريادة الأعمال كخيار جذاب للعمل .
ويمكن القول بأنه جملة من أنماط التعليم المنتظم، الذي يقوم على تعليم وتدريب المشاركين في برامج التنمية المختلفة، والمتمثلة في وضع برنامج توعوي بأهمية الريادة ومن ثم تأسيس وتطوير مشروعات الأعمال الصغرى؛ فتسهم هذه الأساليب التعليمية لتزويد المشاركين بحزمة من المهارات المتعلقة بالريادة وتحفيزهم لمزيد من التعلم والإبداع والثقة في الذات.
وبذلك فأن التعليم الريادي يهدف غلى تطوير الابتكار والمبادرة لدى الفرد، من خلال المشاركة في بناء المعرفة عن طريق اكتساب المعلومات وتوليدها ومعالجتها، ليصبح الفرد بارعًا في بيئته، ويقدم مقترحات عمل قيمة لنفسه ولمجتمعه، ويسعى للاستفادة من الفرص الجديدة.
ويمكن بيان الدور الأساسي الذي يمكن أن يؤديه رواد الأعمال في بناء اقتصادات الدول وتنمية قدراتها التنافسية العالمية. ففي أمريكا ذاتها تحقق مشاريع رواد الأعمال الصغيرة ما يزيد على 47%من إجمالي المبيعات الكلية ، ويزيد عددها على 22 مليون مشروع صغير، كما تقوم بتوظيف نحو 53%من القوى العاملة، وتسهم بما نسبته 50%من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي الأمريكي.
وتصل هذه المساهمة إلى 43% في كوريا الجنوبية و 56%في تايوان و 60%في الصين و 70% في هونج كونج في حين لا تتجاوز مساهمتها 28%في السعودية.
وتعد تلك المشاريع أساسا لتطور الدولة ونمو اقتصادها وتنافسية موقعها الدولي. وقد أوضحت الإحصاءات المنشورة في عام 2019م أن إجمالي الإنفاق على ريادة الأعمال في الولايات المتحدة تجاوز (1.7 مليار) دولار ثم قفز هذا الإنفاق ليصل إلى (2.3 مليار) دولار عام 2021.
إن الهدف الرئيس للتعليم الريادي في الجامعة، هو إعداد جيل من الرياديين والمبدعين في مجال الأعمال، يقدمون إبداعًا على شكل منتج أو خدمة، أو عملية أو مدخل جديد من الأعمال أو مشروع جديدًان أو اختراعًا او اكتشافًا، وقد حددت الأهداف التفصيلية والفرعية للتعليم الريادي في الجامعات على النحو الاتي:
- زيادة وعي الطلبة حول التوظيف الذاتي.
- بناء اتجاهات إيجابية للطلبة نحو الريادة، وتعزيز الروح والنزعة الريادية وإثارة الدافعية لدى الطلبة لبناء تصور أفضل لمهنة المستقبل.
- تطوير السمات والمهارات الشخصية للطلبة، تساعدهم لبناء قاعدة للتفكير والسلوك الريادي.
- تعزيز التنمية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في المجتمع، من خلال عمليات التحديث والتجديد التي يحدثها الرياديون في جميع المجالات التي سيعملون بها في المستقبل.
- تعزيز مهارات بناء العلاقات والاتصال الإيجابي في بيئة تربوية لمهنة المستقبل.
Abstract
يعد التحول الرقمي من أهم المحركات التي أعادت تشكيل بيئة الأعمال في الاقتصاد المعاصر، حيث أسهمت التقنيات الرقمية في خلق فرص جديدة لرواد الأعمال لتأسيس مشاريع مبتكرة وتقديم منتجات وخدمات بطرق أكثر كفاءة ومرونة. وفي هذا السياق، أصبحت ريادة الأعمال مرتبطة ارتباطاً وثيقاً بالتكنولوجيا الرقمية، مما أدى إلى ظهور نماذج أعمال جديدة تعتمد على الابتكار والسرعة في الاستجابة لمتطلبات السوق.
تشير ريادة الأعمال إلى عملية إنشاء وتطوير مشاريع جديدة تعتمد على الابتكار وتحمل المخاطر بهدف تحقيق قيمة اقتصادية واجتماعية. ويتميز رائد الأعمال بالقدرة على استثمار الفرص وتحويل الأفكار إلى مشاريع ناجحة تسهم في خلق فرص العمل وتحفيز النمو الاقتصادي.
أما التحول الرقمي فهو هو عملية دمج التقنيات الرقمية في مختلف الأنشطة الاقتصادية والإدارية، بما يؤدي إلى تغيير جذري في طريقة عمل المؤسسات وتقديم الخدمات. ويشمل ذلك استخدام التقنيات الحديثة مثل الذكاء الاصطناعي، الحوسبة السحابية، تحليل البيانات الضخمة، والتجارة الإلكترونية.
Abstract
the Iraqi economy suffers from many problems, it is necessary to go to the banking sector to achieve economic growth, Financing productive projects, mitigating and addressing economic problems, especially the problem of the budget deficit, through the issuance of treasury bonds and debt instruments and granting loans and through the use of financial policy tools such as taxes, in order to achieve economic and social goals, It works to adapt the relationship between the levels of public revenues and public spending, and that the banks' goal is to achieve the highest rate of economic and social well-being by reducing the budget deficit, reducing the burden of public debt, reducing the deficit in the trade balance, and reducing unemployment rates Where banks contribute to revitalizing the stock market by buying stocks and bonds, as the bank has become an indispensable institution in any economic system
Abstract
Women role in achieving sustainable development becomes as a one of most important issues in societies in general and in Iraq as a special case. She has a great role as her partner (man) has especially in achieving economic development; instead of this fact but the path is still not clear and long to say that! Due to the global numbers that shared internationally without serious scientific logic treatment; where statistical numbers refer that Iraq still in level (154 out of 156) around the world; and for economic & educational sectors in specific, unfortunately Iraqi women register around (0.228/1) and (0.8/1) respectively as Global Economic Institute announced in 2021.
In order to understand this fact, there is a benefit to review the real role of Iraqi women in establishing societies’ infrastructure and trying to decrease the gap especially in her role in education, health-care, in addition to employ and invest her innovative ideas into pioneer projects.
Abstract
The research aims to study and analyze the cognitive foundations of analytical procedures and the efficiency of external auditors, in addition to reviewing the relevant literature on the quality of financial reporting. It focuses on the extent to which analytical procedures are applied and on verifying the external auditor’s commitment to their implementation within a selected sample of Iraqi banks (Iraqi National Bank) The study is based on the hypothesis that adopting sound analytical procedures, supported by an audit team that is scientifically and professionally qualified, positively impacts the quality of financial reporting of the audited entity. To achieve the research objectives, the financial statements of the sampled banks were analyzed using financial ratios representing liquidity, activity, leverage, and profitability.
Through a comparison between the ratios used by the external auditors and those applied by the researcher, it was found that the auditors primarily focused on liquidity indicators, applying only the current ratio, without extending the analysis to other ratios related to activity, profitability, and leverage.
The findings revealed that the effective application of analytical procedures by competent external auditors enhances the quality of financial reporting, as each element reinforces the other’s effectiveness; any weakness in one dimension directly affects the reliability of financial reports.
The researcher recommends that analytical procedures and financial ratios be applied by auditors throughout all stages of the audit process, as they provide essential support in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests, while maintaining previous results for comparative and future evaluation purposes..
Abstract
يُعدّ التحول الرقمي أحد أبرز العوامل التي أعادت تشكيل ديناميات الأسواق المعاصرة، إذ أسهم في تعزيز مفاهيم الشفافية والعدالة في البيئة التنافسية. فالتحول الرقمي، بوصفه عملية متكاملة لتوظيف التقنيات الحديثة كالذكاء الاصطناعي، وتحليل البيانات الضخمة، والمنصات الإلكترونية، مكّن الجهات التنظيمية والمشاركين في السوق من الوصول الفوري إلى المعلومات، ومتابعة الأنشطة الاقتصادية بدقة عالية. وقد أدى ذلك إلى الحد من الممارسات الاحتكارية، وزيادة قدرة المستهلكين على المقارنة والاختيار الحر، مما يعزز من عدالة المنافسة بين الشركات. كما ساهمت التحولات الرقمية في خفض الحواجز أمام الدخول إلى الأسواق، إذ أتاحت للشركات الصغيرة والناشئة فرصاً متكافئة للتوسع والمنافسة عبر الوسائط الرقمية.
ومن جهة أخرى، أوجد التحول الرقمي بيئة رقابية أكثر فاعلية، تتيح للسلطات المختصة مراقبة الأسواق وتحليل الأنماط السلوكية غير التنافسية باستخدام أدوات التحليل الذكي. ومع ذلك، يبقى تحقيق المنافسة العادلة في ظل الاقتصاد الرقمي مرهوناً بقدرة الدول على تطوير تشريعات رقمية متقدمة تضمن حماية البيانات، وتمنع هيمنة المنصات الكبرى، وتسد الفجوة الرقمية بين الفاعلين الاقتصاديين.
وعليه، يمكن القول إن التحول الرقمي يمثل ركيزة أساسية لتحقيق المنافسة العادلة، بشرط أن يُدار ضمن إطار مؤسسي وتنظيمي متوازن يحقق العدالة والابتكار في آنٍ واحد. وهو عملية توظيف التقنيات الرقمية (مثل الذكاء الاصطناعي، والبيانات الضخمة، والمنصات الإلكترونية) لإعادة تشكيل العمليات الاقتصادية والإدارية والخدمية.
واما المنافسة العادلة فهي البيئة التي تتاح فيها الفرص لجميع الفاعلين الاقتصاديين على نحو متكافئ، دون احتكار أو تمييز أو ممارسات غير نزيهة.
Abstract
Drugs are among the most serious problems facing modern societies. Their negative effects are not limited to the individual alone but extend to impact all aspects of social, economic, and environmental life. This phenomenon has grown significantly in recent decades, affecting communities regardless of their level of economic or cultural development. Drug abuse is not restricted to a specific group; it spans different ages and social classes, making it a pressing issue to address in order to maintain social stability.
The drug phenomenon arises at a time when the world faces significant challenges in sustainable development, which aims to balance economic growth, social justice, and environmental protection. This is where the danger of drugs lies, as they represent an obstacle to achieving these goals. Addiction leads to a decline in the economic productivity of individuals and societies, increases the burden on the healthcare system, and exacerbates crime and violence, hindering efforts to improve the quality of life and achieve social justice.
At the same time, drug trafficking contributes to environmental destruction through the excessive exploitation of land and pollution resulting from illegal drug manufacturing and trade. Therefore, sustainable development cannot be achieved in any society without implementing effective strategies to combat the drug phenomenon and reduce its negative impacts.
Abstract
The research aims to know the impact of the application of IFRS 16 on the accounting measurement of rent and to know the difference between the method followed by the bank in measuring rents and the method followed by the standard in measurement, and also to know the difference between the bank’s classification of rents between operational and financing and the classification of the standard It and the consequences of this classification in terms of treatment by the bank and in the standard, by analyzing the lease contracts of the Trade Bank of Iraq and classifying those contracts into operational and financing and knowing the way in which the bank measures its lease contracts and then classifying the lease contracts according to The standard and the application of the measurement method used in the standard, and is there a difference in measurement or not. One of the most important conclusions reached by the researchers is the effect of applying IFRS 16 on the measurement of lease contracts in the bank. The most important recommendation reached by the researchers is to force Iraqi banks to apply IFRS 16 to lease contracts.
Abstract
تعتبر عملية الدفع الإلكتروني التي تًعرف online payment عملية مالية متكاملة من النظم والبرامج يتم تقديمها لتسهيل الإجراءات المالية عبر الإنترنت. إن الدفع عبر الإنترنت هو عبارة عن صرف إلكتروني للعملة لشراء السلع أو الخدمات. وتعمل هذه العملية وفقًا لقوانين تضمن سرية وخصوصية إجراءات البيع والشراء.
وقد تنامت بشكلٍ لافتٍ للانتباه ، عمليات "الدفع الإلكتروني" في العراق ، سواء في الأماكن الخاصَّة كالشركات والمتاجر والأسواق ، أو في الوزارات والمؤسسات الحكوميَّة التي باتت تعتمد هذا النظام، أنَّ عمليات "الدفع الإلكتروني" لها فوائد كبيرة وتسهمُ في مجالاتٍ متعددة منها مكافحة الفساد وهدر الأموال وتقليل الضائعات من المبالغ الضريبيَّة، فضلاً عن تسريع وتيرة الأعمال للأفراد بعيداً عن طوابير التعاملات الورقيَّة في الدفع النقدي .وأنَّ اعتماد "الدفع الإلكتروني" يعدُّ إحدى بوابات العراق للتحول نحو اقتصادٍ متطورٍ ومتنامٍ.
وفي ظل التحول الرقمي المتسارع، يُشكّل (الدفع الإلكتروني) ركيزة أساسيَّة لنهضة العراق الماليَّة، إذ يُتيح شمولًا ماليًا أوسع، ويمنح شرائح كبيرة من المجتمع فرصة الاندماج في النظام المصرفي، الأمر الذي يُقلل من الاقتصاد الموازي ويعزز الاستقرار النقدي".
كما أنَّ "اعتماد (الدفع الإلكتروني) يُسهم في مكافحة الفساد، إذ يجعل التلاعب بالأموال أكثر صعوبة بفضل الشفافيَّة التي يوفرها، ما يضمن توجيه الموارد نحو التنمية الفعليَّة بدلًا من الهدر، ومن جهة أخرى، يدفع عجلة التجارة الإلكترونيَّة إلى الأمام، فيفتح الأبواب أمام المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة للنمو، ويُيسر عمليات البيع والشراء عبر الإنترنت، الأمر الذي يُحفز بيئة ريادة الأعمال والابتكار".
كما وتجدر الإشارة الى أنَّ "فوائد (الدفع الإلكتروني) لا تقتصر على قطاع الأعمال، بل تمتد إلى الحياة اليوميَّة، إذ يُسرّع وتيرة المعاملات الماليَّة، فلا مزيد من الطوابير الطويلة أو العمليات الورقيَّة المُرهقة، بل معاملات تُنجز بلحظاتٍ في المتاجر، وعبر التطبيقات الذكيَّة، وفي المؤسسات الحكوميَّة".
فضلا عن أنه يُسهم أيضاً في تحسين كفاءة تحصيل الإيرادات الحكوميَّة، ما يُقلل من التهرب الضريبي، ويُوفر سيولةً تدعم مشاريع البنية التحتيَّة والخدمات العامة".
وعلى صعيد الأمان، فإنَّ الاعتماد على (الدفع الإلكتروني) يُقلل من مخاطر حمل النقود الورقيَّة، ويُوفر أنظمة حماية متطورة ضد السرقة والتزوير، فضلاً عن دوره في الحد من غسل الأموال عبر مراقبة التدفقات الماليَّة.
أنَّ القطاع المصرفي يشهدُ تطورًا متزايدًا، يُساعد (الدفع الإلكتروني) على توسيع قاعدة العملاء وتعزيز الخدمات الماليَّة، كما يُمهد الطريق أمام تقنيات متقدمة مثل (الذكاء الاصطناعي) و(البلوك تشين) – وهي تقنيَّة لامركزيَّة وقاعدة بيانات مشفرة لتسجيل المعاملات بطريقة آمنة وشفافة - ما يُتيح تقديم خدمات ماليَّة أكثر ذكاءً وكفاءة.
وبالإضافة إلى ما سبق ذكره، فإنَّ (الدفع الإلكتروني) يدعم الاقتصاد الأخضر، إذ يُقلل من الاعتماد على الأوراق النقديَّة، ويحدّ من استهلاك الوقود عبر تقليل الحاجة إلى التنقل لإنجاز المعاملات، ما يُعزز التنمية المستدامة، كما يُسهل عمليات التحويلات الماليَّة، لا سيما في بلدٍ يعتمد على التحويلات الخارجيَّة، إذ يُوفر وسيلة سريعة وآمنة لإيصال الأموال إلى مستحقيها، الأمر الذي يدعمُ الأفراد وينشط الاقتصاد المحلي.
ورغم التحديات التي تعترضُ طريقه، من بنية تحتيَّة بحاجة إلى التطوير وثقة مجتمعيَّة قيد البناء، يظل (الدفع الإلكتروني) بوابة العراق نحو اقتصاد أكثر تطورًا، إذ تُصبح الأموال أكثر أمانًا، والمعاملات أكثر سرعة، والتنمية أكثر استدامة، في خطوة تُمهّد لمستقبلٍ ماليٍ رقمي واعد.
كما إنَّ التعامل بالدفع والتسلم الإلكتروني يعملُ على إدارة الكتل النقديَّة بأقل تكلفة وأعلى شفافيَّة، وبذلك تكون الأموال المتداولة في المصارف معروفة، ولا يكون هناك داعٍ للتحفظ عند منح الضمانات وإعطاء القروض، هذا في ما يتعلق بالجهاز المصرفي، أما في ما يتعلق بفائدة تطبيق (الدفع الإلكتروني) للحكومة فإنَّها ستحصل على إيراداتها بشكلٍ مباشرٍ الى خزينة الدولة، وهذا ما يسمى بـ (الحساب الخزيني الموحد) أي تدخل الأموال بشكلٍ مباشر للموازنة، وهذا ما يتمثل بشكل إيجابي ويقلل من التعثرات المتعلقة باستحصال ايرادات الضرائب وغيرها.
لذا فأنَّ أهميَّة (الدفع الإلكتروني) تكمنُ في أشياءٍ مهمة، بينها استكمال دورة الدخل التي تذهب الى المصارف وتكون التدفقات النقديَّة عالية بالنسبة للحكومة، وبالتالي ترفد الخزينة من دون تعثراتٍ بموارد ماليَّة، أما الشيء الآخر فإنَّ الجهاز المصرفي يكون بأرصدة معروفة ولا يكون متردداً في منح الافتراضات، وهو يكمل النشاط الاقتصادي على أكمل وجه.
وقد شهدت المؤسسات والدوائر كافة في العراق خطواتٍ متسارعة لتطبيق نظام الدفع الإلكتروني، وفي شهر آب من العام الماضي أعلن البنك المركزي العراقي، زيادة قياسيَّة في عمليات الدفع الإلكتروني من 800 مليارٍ إلى تريليوني دينار في عامٍ واحدٍ، مشيراً الى أنَّ المدفوعات الحكوميَّة وصلت الى 912 مليار دينار خلال تموز 2024.
وان إصدار عملة رقمية خاصة بالبنك المركزي، سيمثل قفزة نوعية بنظام المدفوعات الوطني ويعزز الشفافية. إذ إن "البنك المركزي يتجه لإصدار عملة رقمية كبديل تدريجي للعملة الورقية"، وأن هذا التوجه يمثل قفزة نوعية في نظام المدفوعات الوطني الرقمي". وأن تلك الخطوة ستحقق فوائد عديدة، منها تقليل التسرب النقدي، وخفض تكاليف الطباعة، والحد من تداول العملة الورقية خارج النظام المصرفي، فضلاً عن تقليل الحاجة إلى طباعة النقود بشكل متكرر، مما يخفض التكاليف المرتبطة بإنتاجها وتوزيعها، الى جانب تعزيز الشفافية والسيطرة على التدفقات المالية وإمكانية تتبع السيولة الرقمية واتجاهات الإنفاق، سواء كان استهلاكياً، أو ادخارياً، أو استثمارياً، علاوة على تحسين الرقابة على رأس المال والتحويلات الخارجية، ودعم جهود مكافحة غسل الأموال.
هذا وأن العملات الرقمية تسهم في تحقيق الشمول المالي، لا سيما للفئات الأقل اندماجاً في النظام المصرفي، ما يسهم في تعزيز الاندماج الاقتصادي والاجتماعي. كما أن الانتقال إلى العملة الرقمية يتطلب بنية تحتية تقنية قوية، تشمل شبكات إنترنت موثوقة ومتطورة، وأنظمة أمن سيبراني متقدمة لحماية البيانات والمعاملات، فضلاً عن تعزيز ثقافة القبول المجتمعي للعملات الرقمية، بدءًا من الجهات الحكومية، عبر استخدامها في عمليات الجباية والمعاملات الرسمية.
وبذلك فأن النقد الرقمي سيحافظ على وظائفه التقليدية كوحدة حساب ومدفوعات وادخار، مع إمكانية استخدامه عبر الإنترنت والهواتف الذكية، مما سيسهم في تطوير بيئة مالية أكثر استقراراً وكفاءة.
Abstract
في ظل التحديات البيئية المتزايدة والتغيرات المناخية الحادة، باتت الحاجة ملحة إلى اعتماد نماذج اقتصادية مستدامة تراعي الحفاظ على البيئة وتدعم في الوقت ذاته النمو الاقتصادي والاجتماعي. ويُعد الاستثمار في اقتصاديات الكربون أحد أبرز الحلول المطروحة لتحقيق هذا التوازن، كونه يدمج بين تقليل الانبعاثات الكربونية وتعزيز الابتكار الاقتصادي الأخضر. تتناول هذه الورقة البحثية العلاقة بين هذا النوع من الاستثمار وأهداف التنمية المستدامة، مع التركيز على الفرص والتحديات المرتبطة به، وأمثلة دولية وعربية ناجحة في هذا المجال.
Abstract
This study highlights the vital role played by electronic banking in enhancing financial inclusion in Iraq, considering the challenges facing the financial sector—particularly the limited integration of large segments of the population into the formal banking system. The study is based on a problem concerning the limited role of electronic banking in expanding financial inclusion and seeks to evaluate its actual contribution in this field.
The study aims to diagnose the current state of electronic banking in Iraqi banks, determine the extent of the spread and usage of the services provided among the public, and measure the impact of these services on financial inclusion indicators—such as increasing the number of bank accounts and facilitating access to credit and other financial services. It also reviews the challenges hindering the spread of electronic banking, whether related to infrastructure, the regulatory framework, or the lack of awareness and trust among users.
The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on official data issued by the central bank and commercial banks, in addition to an inductive approach that traces the relationship between the development of electronic banking and financial inclusion indicators. Despite the persistence of some geographical and social gaps, the study recommends the need to develop digital infrastructure, enhance financial literacy, and update regulatory frameworks to keep pace with the digital transformation of banking in Iraq.
Abstract
The global economy is going through multiple unexpected events and changes that will affect the banking sector, and therefore it is imperative to search for a tool that helps protect the banking institution and the banking sector, especially after the recent global financial crisis, as stress tests appeared, which in turn support management Risks in detecting banking risks before they arise, and therefore these tests give a dose of immunity to the banking community to protect it from expected and unexpected events. The research concluded that the banking stress test scenarios have partially affected the efficiency ratios that the banks have in the research sample, due to the durability of their financial suitability. Banks should apply the tests periodically and consider them as a shield that protects them from external influences.
Abstract
تعُد المرأة عاملًا حاسمًا في تطوير المجتمع، ودورها في ميدان التعليم يشكل أحد أهم المحاور التي تؤثر في تطور أي مجتمع وسيتم هنا مناقشة دور المرأة في مجال التعليم ، وكيف يمكن لتمكينها أن يسهم في بناء مجتمع أكثر تقدمًا وتطورًا.
أولاً:- تمكين المرأة من التعليم: ان فتح أبواب التعليم أمام المرأة خطوة حيوية نحو تحقيق التقدم وبناء مجتمع يعتمد على المعرفة والتنوع. يلقى هذا الجانب من تمكين المرأة أهمية كبيرة في تحسين وضعها ودورها في المجتمع. دعونا نتناول بتفصيل الأثر الإيجابي لهذه الخطوة:
- توسيع آفاق المشاركة
عندما تكون فرص التعلم متاحة للمرأة، يتاح لها الفرصة للمشاركة بشكل أكبر في مختلف ميادين الحياة. يمكن للتعليم أن يكون سلمًا لتطوير قدراتها ورفع مستوى مهاراتها، مما يجعلها قادرة على التأثير في مجالات متعددة كالعمل، والثقافة، والسياسة.
2- تحسين الوضع الاقتصادي
تمكين المرأة من التعليم يسهم بشكل فعّال في تحسين وضعها الاقتصادي. فمن خلال اكتسابها للمهارات والمعرفة، تصبح المرأة قوة عاملة متميزة، مما يزيد من فرصها للحصول على وظائف أفضل وأجور أعلى.
3- التشجيع على العدالة
تعمل فرص التعلم العادلة على تشجيع العدالة بين الجنسين. عندما يتاح للمرأة الوصول إلى التعليم بنفس الفعالية التي يتاح فيها للرجل، يتم تعزيز فهم المجتمع لأهمية تكافؤ الحقوق والفرص بين الجنسين.
4- تطوير وتحقيق الذات
التعليم يعزز تطوير الذات ويساعد المرأة على تحقيق طموحاتها وأهدافها الشخصية. إن القدرة على التعلم واكتساب المعرفة تمنح المرأة القوة لاكتساب الاستقلال الذاتي وتحديد مسار حياتها.
تظهر هذه النقاط بشكل واضح أن فتح أبواب التعليم أمام المرأة ليس فقط إشاعة للعدالة الاجتماعية وحقوق الإنسان، بل هو استثمار في المستقبل الذي يستفيد منه المجتمع بأسره. التمكين التعليمي للمرأة يمثل أساسًا لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة والتقدم الاجتماعي.
ثانياُ:- تعزيز قدرات ومهارات المرأة من خلال التعليم
تعتبر تعزيز قدرات ومهارات المرأة عبر التعليم خطوة ضرورية نحو بناء مجتمع يستند إلى الابتكار والتميز. يلعب التعليم دوراً حاسماً في تمكين المرأة وتطوير إمكانياتها، مما يعود بالنفع على المجتمع ككل. دعونا نلقي نظرة عن كثب على كيفية تحقيق هذا الهدف:
1- رفع مستوى التأهيل
عندما تحظى المرأة بفرص التعلم، يتاح لها الفرصة لرفع مستوى تأهيلها الأكاديمي والمهني. تكتسب المهارات والمعرفة التي تجعلها قادرة على التحدي والتفوق في مجالاتها المختلفة، سواء في القطاع العام أو القطاع الخاص.
2- تحفيز الابتكار والإبداع
التعليم يشجع على التفكير الإبداعي ويعزز روح الابتكار لدى المرأة. باكتسابها المهارات اللازمة، تصبح المرأة قادرة على المساهمة في حل المشكلات بشكل إبداعي وتقديم فرص جديدة للتطور في مجتمعها.
3- تحقيق التميز في المجالات المتنوعة
تعمل القدرات والمهارات المكتسبة من خلال التعليم على تمكين المرأة وتمكينها من تحقيق التميز في ميادين مختلفة، سواء كانت ذلك في المجال العلمي، الفني، الرياضي، أو غيرها. هذا التميز يسهم في تغيير الصورة التقليدية لــــــــــــ دور المرأة في المجتمع.
4-الإسهام في التنمية المستدامة
عندما تكون المرأة مؤهلة ومتميزة في مجالاتهـــــــا، تسهم في التنمية المستدامة للمجتمع. فقدراتهــــــــا تصبح جزءاً أساسياً من الاقتصاد والتطور الاجتماعي ، وهي تعزز الاستدامة بمشاركتها الفعّالـــــــــــــة في تشكيــــــــــــــــل مستقبل الأجيال.
في نهاية المطاف، يظهر بوضوح أن تعزيز قدرات ومهارات المرأة من خلال التعليم يعتبر استثماراً حقيقياً في المستقبل، و إن تحقيق ذات المرأة لتميزها ينعكس إيجاباً على المجتمع بأكمله، حيث يصبح لديها دور فاعل في الابتكار والتقدم.
إذ تساهم المرأة بفضل قدرتها على الابتكار في إيجاد حلول مستدامة للتحديات العلميةو يمكن لتفكيرها الابتكاري أن يؤدي إلى اكتشافات مهمة وتطوير تقنيات تسهم في تطوير المجتمع.
وإن المرأة تحمل مسؤولية كبيرة في إثراء المجتمع العلمي من خلال البحث والتحليل، بقدرتها على التفكير النقدي والابتكار، تسهم المرأة في تطوير المعرفة البشرية وتحقيق التقدم العلمي.
Abstract
يؤدي الذكاء الاصطناعي دورا هاما وأساسيا في مختلف مناحي الحياة سيما في السنوات الأخيرة، فلم تعد الاستفادة من الذكاء الاصطناعي مقتصرة على البرمجيات فقط، بل امتدت الى مجالات الطب، والهندسة، والزراعة، وغيرها، وفي الآونة الأخيرة، اتجهت الدول نحو دمج الذكاء الاصطناعي وتوجيهه لتحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة ، بالشكل الذي يتوافق مع مستوى التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والبيئية المستدامة.
ولم تكن الدول العربية بمنأى عن هذه المساعي الدولية للاستفادة من الذكاء الاصطناعي ولاسيما في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة ، في ظل صعوبة الأوضاع الاقتصادية والسياسية والاجتماعية التي تواجهها، ويزيد من صعوبة تأثيرها كون معظم الدول العربية دولاً نامية ، مما يزيد من أهمية تمسكها بضرورة الاستفادة من تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي من أجل تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة ، وعلى رأسها القضاء على الفقر وتعزيز فرص المساواة بين الجنسين وتحسين مستويات التعليم والصحة.
ويعد تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة من أهم أولويات الدول وخاصة في ظل التحديات المختلفة التي يواجهها العالم سواء تحديات اقتصادية أو سياسية أو بيئية. وفي ظل التطور التكنولوجي اللامحدود وظهور تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي كان لابد أن تتوجه الدول نحو الاستفادة من هذه التقنيات وتطويعها نحو تحقيق أهدافها وخاصة أهداف التنمية المستدامة.
وقد لعبت منظمة اليونسكو دورا فعالا في الاستفادة من الذكاء الاصطناعي في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة من خلال دورها في مساعدة الدول في ذلك وبما يتناسب مع كل دولة حيث تضع المعايير وتساعد في وضع السياسات وبناء قدرات الدولة.
وفي 2019 ظهرت وثيقة (إجماع بكين) والتي وافق فيها ممثلو الدول والمنظمات الدولية والمؤسسات الأكاديمية والمجتمع المدني والمجتمع الخاص على أهمية الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم والبحث العلمي، كما تؤكد الوثيقة على وجود العنصر الإنساني واهميته في نشر تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم لتعزيز التنمية المستدامة وحماية حقوق الانسان من خلال التعاون بين الانسان والالة.
و يمكن تعريف الذكاء الاصطناعي بأنه علم فائق التطور مشتق من علوم الحاسبات يحاكي العقل البشري بأعلى مستويات ذكاؤه ويستخدم لأداء كل المهام البشرية وحل كافة المشاكل التي يواجهها الانسان بطرق تكنولوجية متطورة.
ومن الجدير بالذكر أن الهدف الرئيسي لأبحاث الذكاء الاصطناعي في هذه المرحلة هو انتاج ابتكارات من شأنها محاكاة الذكاء البشري وأداء نفس مهامه كحل المشكلات واتخاذ القرارات، ولكن مع تطور العالم وتسارع وتيرة الاحتياجات والمشاكل الاقتصادية والبيئية أدرك العلماء أنهم بحاجة الى خوارزميات وتقنيات أكثر تقدما.
وقد أدت جائحة كورونا إلى الزامية توجه العالم نحو استخدام تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي، بل وتحديثها بشكل يساعد على حل أزمة كورونا أو على أقل تقدير الحد من تهديداتها ونتائجها. ومن أبرز استخدامات تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي خلال جائحة كورونا استخدامها في العملية التعليمية وكذلك العملية الطبية.
فضلاً عن أن تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في عصرنا الحديث تستخدم في شتى المجالات العسكرية والبيئية والاقتصادية والتعليمية ومن بين هذه التطبيقات:
- السيارات ذاتية القيادة والطائرات بدون طيار.
- الانسان الآلي والذي يتواجد حاليا في المستشفيات والجامعات وبعض المطارات.
- برامج الذكاء الاصطناعي في تحليل البيانات الاقتصادية كالبورصة وتطوير أنظمة تداول الأسهم.
- الأجهزة الذكية القادرة على القيام بالعمليات الذهنية كفحص التصاميم الصناعية، ومراقبة العمليات واتخاذ القرارات.
- التطبيقات الذكية الخاصة بتحويل الأموال والتعامل مع البنوك.
- خدمات المنازل الذكية، والأسلحة ذاتية العمل، والهواتف، وأجهزة التلفاز، والاف التطبيقات الأخرى.
ومن الأهمية بمكان حشد الوسائل اللازمة لتنفيذ خطة التنمية المستدامة 2030من خلال تنشيط الشراكة العالمية من أجل تحقيق التنمية المستدامة، على أساس روح من التضامن العالمي المعزز، مع التركيز بوجه خاص على احتياجات الفئات الأشد فقرا والأكثر ضعفا، وبمشاركة من جميع البلدان وجميع أصحاب المصلحة وجميع الشعوب. إذ أن الذكاء الاصطناعي (AI) يمتلك إمكانيات هائلة لدعم وتحقيق التنمية المستدامة عبر تحسين الكفاءة، تقليل الفاقد، وتقديم حلول مبتكرة لمجموعة من التحديات البيئية، الاقتصادية، والاجتماعية.
Abstract
The research aimed to determine the impact of strategic sovereignty in reducing strategic risks in light of the current conditions that require the correct construction of organizations in order to confront environmental variables in modern times. To achieve this goal, the researchers reached, through theoretical thought and related studies, to build a hypothetical diagram that explains the relationship between the studied variables. The research relied on studying strategic sovereignty as an independent variable distributed into three dimensions: (area of influence, competitive formation, competitive pressure), in addition to three dimensions representing the dependent variable strategic risks (document and information risks, organizational reputation risks, human resources risks). The sample consisted of (100) managers from senior administrative leadership in a sample of private Iraqi banks: (United Bank, National Bank of Iraq, Gulf Commercial Bank, Ashur International Bank, Abra Iraq Bank). The research reached several results represented in the contribution of strategic sovereignty in reducing strategic risks through the results of the impact relationship, which supports the statistical formulation of the research hypothesis
Abstract
The aim of the research is to clarify the concept of prohibited information and to diagnose the degree of confidentiality in it, as the concept of that information, its characteristics, the scope of its use and the effect of its announcement affect the returns and trading volume. The research problem focuses on measuring the extent of Iraqi banks’ commitment to confidentiality of prohibited information and not disclosing it until the time of its announcement, as well as the extent of the response of the Iraqi Stock Exchange to the content and timing of its announcement. significantly in the success of the banking business. The research Ended with conclusions, the most important of which is that prohibited information is one of the most dangerous sort of information, which in the event of misuse leads to a loss of confidence among investors, shareholders and the public. Information security There should be no diversity in the individuals who use the system and focus on a specific category in dealing with the system.
Abstract
The study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of the project of installing a solar photovoltaic system with a capacity of (2kw/h) from a technical and financial point of view, and for the purpose of achieving this goal, a technical feasibility study was prepared, through which it was found that the system should consist of (6) solar cell panels and an inverter with a capacity ( 2.2kw/h) and (4) gel batteries with a capacity of (200A/h) to ensure that the house is equipped with electric power for a period of (4) continuous hours during periods of national electrical power outages, in order to ensure the best performance of the system. The technical study indicated that The project is technically feasible, as it is possible through the system to generate a total daily electrical energy of (21.6 kw/day). In order to demonstrate the financial feasibility of the project, a financial study was prepared and some financial standards were applied, such as (the payback period standard, the accounting return standard, the net present value standard, the return / cost standard, and the internal rate of return standard). By calculating the results, it was found that the payback period for the invested capital is two years and three months , which is an acceptable period, and the accounting rate of return is 42.8%, which is a higher rate than the interest rate on depositing funds in banks, which ranges between (10-8%) and the net present value of the project is ($5305), which is an acceptable value. The rate of return / cost is (1.77), which is greater than one, and this indicates that the project is profitable, while the internal rate of return is (38%), which is a rate higher than the interest rate on funds deposited in banks, and through these results it becomes clear to us that the project is feasible financially speaking.
The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that there is no government support for solar photovoltaic projects in Iraq, which prevented their widespread dissemination.
The most important thing that the researcher recommends is to provide government support for solar energy projects in Iraq, whether the support is through financial facilities or through the enactment of laws and legislation that motivate citizens to resort to solar photovoltaic systems to fill the shortage of electrical energy as the enactment of a law or legislation that allows the citizen to sell electricity The surplus of its needs and generated from the state's solar energy systems for a reasonable financial consideration.
Key words: feasibility study, photovoltaic solar energy, off-grid system, grid-connected system, Hybrid solar photovoltaic system .
Abstract
This study aimed to shed light on compliance auditing and the risks associated with non-compliance, while demonstrating the impact of compliance auditing on the quality of accounting information contained in the financial statements, applied to a sample of Iraqi banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. The study also addressed the concept of compliance auditing as one of the branches of modern auditing that focuses on verifying institutions' compliance with laws, standards, and regulations, and its role in enhancing transparency, credibility, and improving the quality of accounting information. This study was based on the hypothesis that fulfilling compliance auditing requirements in the correct and proper manner by audit committees can result in a set of distinct benefits, including expressing a neutral professional opinion on ensuring the level of quality of accounting information for entities subject to auditing that meets the requirements of a wide range of investors. The study problem was embodied through a set of questions, including (Do economic units operating in the local environment seek to adopt compliance auditing practices for their financial statements and statements? Do economic units operating in the local environment realize the role that compliance auditing practices play in improving the image of the auditing profession for a wide range of investors? Does adherence to compliance auditing practices affect ensuring a certain level of quality of accounting information for entities subject to auditing, especially in an environment where the importance of transparency and financial accountability increases? In order to achieve the objectives of the study and examine and test its hypothesis, the study adopted the descriptive analytical approach. By constructing and formulating a questionnaire form that was distributed to the study sample consisting of a group of auditors, compliance monitors and financial accountants working in the banking sector, and then analyzing the study data through the use of a number of statistical means and methods.
The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that there is an important role for compliance auditing in enhancing the quality of accounting information, and there is a statistically significant moral effect of compliance auditing on the quality of accounting information in its dimensions.
The study also recommended the need for continuous assessment of the extent of banks' compliance with laws and standards, and the application of effective internal control systems that support compliance auditing tasks and ensure early detection of any violations, and the development of proactive plans to avoid financial and legal risks associated with non-compliance.
Abstract
Renewable Energy and Its Role in Maintaining Climate Balance
The intensity of global climate challenges is increasing, prompting a focus on renewable energy production to achieve the necessary climate balance. Reports from global institutions and specialized organizations indicate that greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced by nearly half by 2030 to avoid the worst effects of climate change and reach net-zero emissions by 2050.
Global reports highlight that a significant portion of greenhouse gases surrounding the Earth, which trap the Sun’s heat, is generated through energy production by burning fossil fuels to produce electricity and heat. Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, are by far the largest contributors to global climate change, accounting for more than 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90% of all carbon dioxide emissions.
The role of renewable energy sources (abundantly available around us through the sun, wind, water, waste, and geothermal energy) stands out due to their natural availability. These sources emit little to no greenhouse gases or pollutants, making them a critical component in combating climate change.
Abstract
Based on the importance of the role played by financial intelligence and behavior in strengthening companies in the financial markets and stabilizing them by achieving an added market value for companies assuming the moral and important impact of financial intelligence and behavior and proving the statistical hypothesis, a major problem was assumed represented in the statement of the impact of financial intelligence and behavior on the financial performance of financial decision makers in the sample of Iraqi companies? Therefore, the study sought to diagnose and explore the companies that provided and achieved levels of financial intelligence represented by profits, revenues and returns, and financial behavior represented by deals and sessions, within the sectors (banks and industry) of the study sample, and using the (ARDL) methodology in a period that extended 2010-2023 with a detailed theoretical description of the latest concepts and methods of measurement for both financial intelligence and behavior, as the results of the analysis of the first model of banks proved that there is a direct, significant and escalating impact that begins with revenues through profits and ends Returns are the most important in such a sector characterized by many and severe risks and from different internal and external environments, unlike the industry sector, which is affected by other factors, so it is necessary to follow the best market model that has achieved the highest levels of intelligence and behavior of financials for the duration of the research in order to be a model for consolidating weak and declining levels of behavior and intelligence in a number of companies and sectors.
Abstract
Given the swift digital changes occurring in the Banking industry, the purpose of this paper is to examine how well artificial intelligence systems can forecast and protect against future disasters. By utilizing its skills in big data analytics, forecasting financial behavior, and more accurately and effectively managing risks, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly regarded as a crucial component in the development of banking systems and improving their operational efficiency.
By enhancing client satisfaction, tailoring banking services to meet the demands of each individual, and cutting down on operational errors and administrative expenses, banks hope to gain a competitive edge by utilizing these technologies. AI also helps to speed up credit decisions, make it possible to identify financial crime early, and create clever marketing plans based on forecasts of future market trends.
In order to ensure financial sustainability and achieve integration between digital transformation and the demands of banking innovation, studies show that the future of AI encompasses strategic, cultural, human, technological, and organizational dimensions in addition to technical ones.
The paper also examined a number of anticipated long-term effects of AI applications, such as increased forecasting precision, lower operating expenses, better customer satisfaction, increased worker productivity, and assistance with investment choices. The findings show that implementing AI applications in the banking sector is a strategic requirement to guarantee long-term growth and competitiveness in the digital era, not a technical luxury.
In order to enhance lending decisions and lower default risks, the paper also assesses how well a number of categorization algorithms work in assessing loan applicants' creditworthiness. Using a dataset that represented the traits and financial activities of clients, seven machine learning techniques were used: Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, Extra Trees, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, SVC-RBF, and KNN.
The paper used a database of 21 variables for loan applicants. Numerical variables included (age, income, credit score, debt-to-income ratio, and loan amount). Descriptive variables included (loan purpose, region, marital status, employer, educational level, and application channel). Binary variables included (whether or not the applicant had a history of default). These variables were used to predict the approval or rejection decision, with the dependent variable being represented by two values: 0 for rejection and 1 for approval.
The models were evaluated using the following six key performance indicators: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1 Score, Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC AUC), and Brier Score. The findings demonstrated that the Gradient Boosting algorithm performed best overall in both probability prediction quality and customer differentiation across different risk levels. The Random Forest algorithm, which showed stability and balanced metrics, came next. On the other hand, despite its moderate performance, Logistic Regression provided great interpretability, while the Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm demonstrated high sensitivity in identifying high-risk customers. In terms of overall accuracy and probability quality, some models—like SVC-RBF and KNN—performed worse.
Abstract
The aim of the research is to clarify the role of financial engineering and its applicable tools in banks and how to manage banking risks. In order to achieve the research objective, the research problem was formulated with the following question: What is the role of financial engineering in managing and reducing banking risks?
Then the hypothesis was formulated to answer the research problem. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach, as the researcher collected data and information through references and literature from books, periodicals, master’s theses, doctoral dissertations, Arab and foreign scientific journals, and browsing the international information network (the Internet) to track the latest scientific developments regarding the research topic.
The researcher reached a set of results, the most prominent of which is that risks are inherent in banking work without exception, regardless of the type of bank or the type of activity it carries out. Financial engineering tools were and still are the subject of great controversy among those dealing with them and studying them. Some of them strongly support their use, while others consider them the cause of financial crises.
The researcher also recommends the most important of which is establishing the foundations of financial engineering and financial risk management and clarifying their limits so that the bank can benefit from their tools and products. Paying attention to training accountants and intensifying communication work that increases the confidence of customers and society as a whole in the bank’s services, which reduces risks on the one hand and increases the size of the portfolio and deposits on the other hand.
Abstract
This study deals with the strategic analysis of the internal environment and highlighting the strengths that are invested to achieve the goals of the institution and reduce the weaknesses faced by the institution and represent an existing danger to reach the goals of the institution, and the role of those internal dimensions in achieving competitive advantage and maintaining and sustaining it, Knowing the availability of strengths in banking institutions and monitoring and reducing weaknesses that they are exposed to, especially since institutions live in a rapidly changing environment with renewed desires in the tastes of customers, which necessitates achieving a sustainable competitive advantage appropriate to its capabilities and capabilities, which enables the institution to excel in its field of specialization by providing various Unique to its customers and always better than its competitors, This research was applied through the use of data for a number of commercial banks operating in the Middle Euphrates region on a sample of managers working in them with a total number of (100) respondents for the period from 1/8/2022 to 29/9/2022, and a number of statistical analyzes and tests were used. Using the statistical programs (AMOS), (Excel, (Spss), a special measuring tool has been designed to collect the necessary data that serves the research topics.
The research has reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: Banking institutions are affected by the internal factors of strengths and reduce the weaknesses that institutions are exposed to in order to face competition and competitors, The research concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which were: The necessity of analyzing the internal environment of the institutions to find out the appropriate strengths and exploiting them correctly and to reduce the weaknesses that they are exposed to and reduce them or confront them to reach the success of the institution and face market competition.
Abstract
This study highlights the statement that contributes to the use of information technology applications on Narner in achieving the marketing strategy and did not participate in the search for the descriptive analytical approach in completing the study and answering the main question (Since Narner contributed to the research of information technology when building its marketing? The data was collected by a questionnaire prepared for this agricultural field, as I had conducted an innovative study of ((96) employees (46) employees in Abu Dhabi Bank and (50) employees in a Turkish agricultural bank) working within the researched nick and conducted research in analyzing the questionnaire directors statistically and processing it through the program (SPSS) version 26).
The study reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which are: Information technology applications are one of the most important systems that contribute to helping bank management make appropriate decisions for the purpose of achieving a sustainable marketing strategy and choosing the appropriate strategy for it, as information technology keeps pace with the changes that occur in the markets and tracks its movements and sustainable strategies and the availability of important information about customer trends and desires. Thus, it contributes to developing appropriate solutions that help achieve the bank's goals.
Based on the above, we recommend: paying equal attention to all dimensions of information technology (technical, administrative, behavioral, economic, strategic), as it is a complementary activity to each other, and it is not possible to ignore any of them and focus on one of them, as the key to success is the necessity of paying full attention to all its dimensions.
Abstract
The study objective to determine the extent to which the principles of continuous improvement are applied in the field of innovation in banking services and industry, by relying on technological development in the banking industry and administrative systems in order to achieve customer satisfaction and increase confidence in banking services, by providing banking services that keep pace with the automation of banking operations and in line with the trends The Central Bank is in the transition to electronic money, so the research stems from an important intellectual provocation, namely, do Iraqi banks use continuous improvement techniques and what are the criteria for evaluating their services? The research also aims to track the development of the characteristics of services according to the development of the financial needs of customers and to know the nature of the relationship between the principles of CI and the characteristics of BS. , standard deviation, correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination) that the most important characteristics of BS are understandable to the customer, and this depends on the employees and the declared policy of the bank.
Abstract
The research seeks to the effectiveness show of monetary policy tools in light of the Central Bank of Iraq of independence and the extent of their contribution to the objectives of the general economic policy and their in choosing efficiency their tools that reflect the monetary variables that affect the banking system and then transferring the monetary effects to economic activity and achieving the goals of monetary policy The banking sector is with increasing interest in the economy for its active role in providing financial resources and mobilizing them from domestic savings and its efficiency The ability of banks to provide bank credit contributes to achieving economic development and this efficiency is based on the prevailing economic conditions and financial and monetary stability as it is the basis for directing monetary policy tools in the financial sector Therefore, the research was detailed to a comprehensive introduction to the research and methodology The second topic was devoted to the theoretical side and divided into three axes The first focused on monetary policy in Iraq The second centered around the concept of the banking financing gap and the third axis focused on the relationship between monetary variables and total credit and bank deposits The second topic the applied aspect of the research was to measure The relationship between the independent and dependent variables and the conclusion of the research in the conclusions and recommendations
Abstract
This research aims to shed light on the concept of real-time financial reporting, the benefits of preparing such reports, and to demonstrate the concept and importance of financial reporting transparency. It also aims to identify the role of real-time financial reporting in improving the transparency of financial reporting. To achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire was distributed to a number of employees at the Baghdad Soft Drinks Company. The research reached several conclusions, including that real-time financial reporting represents a qualitative leap for entities seeking to maintain their competitiveness and flexibility in today's rapidly evolving environment. By providing immediate access to accurate financial data, these reports enable better decision-making, strengthen financial control, improve forecasting, increase transparency, and comply with regulations.
Abstract
The issue of monetary policies and their role in achieving economic stability and economic growth aims at price stability as a primary goal, and with the diversity and development of monetary policy tools, it has become an important part of the comprehensive economic policy in countries in general. As a result of the serious negative effects of inflation and its reflection on the economy, economic policy makers worked on using monetary policy tools to address inflation by influencing the supply of money and demand for it in line with a set of economic goals and the prevailing economic conditions in the country concerned. Central banks have adopted the monetary policy tool and their implementation, as the Central Bank of Iraq worked to adopt a set of technical and legislative measures through its monetary tools to achieve stability in the general level of prices. The researcher aims to identify a more effective tool than the monetary policy tools in dealing with inflation in Iraq for the period 1991-2019. The results of the test showed that open market operations had an impact in the current year and the previous year on inflation. The researcher used the tools of modern standard and mathematical tests that would determine Factors affecting inflation, as the study used the NARDL model to separate the negative and positive differences for each variable, and then tested them on the dependent variable, and this is a somewhat modern method in standard tests.
Abstract
Integrated reports represent an episode in the development of the financial reporting function and were approved by the management of economic units as a result of the pressures of users of accounting information in light of a competitive economic environment that requires reducing the information gap between management and users in order to ensure the achievement of social and environmental activities to evaluate the efforts of the management of economic units and their ability to achieve goals. Its strategy and creating an integrated information advantage.
The importance of the research stems from the importance of integrated reports and evaluation of banking performance and governance, as it addresses an important issue supporting the disclosure of quantitative and qualitative information about the performance of banks to meet the needs of investors and stakeholders. The aim of the research was to determine the role of the dimensions of integrated reports within the governance framework in the process of results and evaluation of banking performance.
As for the research problem, the process of reporting on the results of the economic unit’s work is accompanied by various problems that prompted the emergence of a comprehensive type of reports. Hence, the research problem can be formulated with the following questions: Do the contents of the dimensions of integrated reports affect the evaluation of banking performance within the framework of governance? The research is also based on the following hypotheses: The first main hypothesis: There is a role for integrated reports with their dimensions within the governance framework in evaluating banking performance under the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) system.
Many conclusions were reached: weak disclosure in the non-financial reports of the bank in the research sample, in addition to the low levels of environmental and social activities that help management achieve its set goals, and the low utility of the information provided to users.
The research summarized the recommendations, the most important of which are the need to oblige professional accounting organizations and the management of the Iraqi Stock Exchange to direct bank management and the need to commit to preparing annual integrated reports.
Abstract
The study aimed to study and diagnose the nature of the relationship between accounting education practices and the process of developing the level of accounting culture for universities output. The study was based on a main hypothesis that states the existence of advanced accounting educational practices at the theoretical & practical level and provision of all human , physical capabilities to achieve this purpose, may reflect in achieving a set of positive results, the most important of which is to support the local labor market with a group of accountants who possess the highest possible level of accounting culture and who can be relied upon to accomplish the accounting tasks and duties assigned to them in the best possible way. Three sub-hypotheses have been derived and formulated that emphasize, the existence of a moral correlation with statistically significant between advanced accounting education practices at the theoretical & practical levels applied in universities and the process of developing, raising the level of accounting culture for accountants. In order to accomplish the aims of the study and test the validity of the hypotheses related, a group of professors in accounting sciences serving in the accounting departments of Iraqi governmental universities for the academic year (2020-2021) , a group of graduates accounting departments of Iraqi universities for the academic years (2010-2020) and employers serving in a group of governmental and private banks in Iraq were selected to represent the study sample, by designing three questionnaires distributed to each group in a stratified random way , then in order to analyze the data collected and measure the relevant variables of the study, a set of relevant statistical methods and procedures was selected and adopted.
The study reached a set of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which are that modern accounting education practices are not the only tools or source for developing the level of accounting culture, as there are other sources of accounting culture, including the accumulated experience of practicing the accounting profession, the accounting media represented by means of accounting communications, cultural publications, and scientific issued of accounting councils responsible for presenting accounting concepts and ideas to society in general and the accounting community in particular, despite the multiplicity of these sources, accounting education practices remain the main and most influential source for the accounting profession, which requires the availability of efficient staff of accounting to ensure accurate application and correct interaction by students, in addition the study recommended the necessity to achieving an acceptable level of compatibility between curriculum , procedures applied by scientific accounting departments and accounting legislation , rules issued by Professional accounting councils and boards in order to contribute in developing the level of accounting culture for universities output in accordance with the requirements of the labor market's needs and wishes in the best possible way.
Abstract
The decade of the nineties witnessed a great crowding from many developed and developing countries towards adopting the policy of inflation targeting as a modern framework for monetary policy through which the explicit announcement of the target inflation rate and directing all monetary policy tools in order to achieve this rate, the discussion later moved towards the impact of This policy in the rate of growth has topped the headlines of many researches. It is claimed that the failure of this policy to promote growth may bring catastrophic results to any country, especially the developing ones. The aim of the research is to know the extent to which the inflation targeting policy can actually achieve high rates of economic growth in eastern countries Asia taken as a model from Indonesia, based on the premise that: The adoption of inflation targeting reflected positively in growth and enhanced its stability. Targeting inflation and economic growth in Indonesia, while the second side celebrated the use of quantitative analysis tools, starting with the data stability test to enhance research and reach its goal, and then progress See the search form. The data for the research were collected based on the publications of the World Bank, and the research covered the period (1990-2019). The research reached a number of results, the most important of which were: - The inflation targeting framework contributes to supporting the levels of macroeconomic performance through its role in reducing fluctuations in economic growth after the trend of a number of central banks in East Asia to implement that strategy
Abstract
The research focuses on calculating the expected credit risks according to the IFRS9 9 standard and how to apply this standard in the National Bank of Iraq. IFRS9 9 is an accounting standard that deals with the classification, financial value of financial assets and the management of risks related to them. Modern accounting standards require considering the financial risks of loans and other financial products owned by the bank. The IFRS9 9 standard aims to supply a comprehensive credit risk management system and supply a probable estimate of expected losses on loans and other financial products. The process of calculating the expected credit risk by the IFRS9 9 standard includes several main steps. First, financial products should be classified according to the degree of expected risk. This classification is based on the quantitative and qualitative information relevant to the bank and the credit risk assessment for each category. After that, the expected credit size for each category is decided based on forecasting models and risk estimates. These models are based on a set of accounting, economic and business standards. Historical data and current information are used to decide the expected credit volume and the possible risks entailed by financial portfolios. According to accounting standards, banks must include the expected credit volume in periodic financial reports and constantly update it. This helps third parties, such as investors and regulators, to understand the bank's exposure to credit risks and the efficiency of the bank's risk management. This process is reflected in the volume of credit applied at the National Bank of Iraq by improving the bank's understanding of credit risks and thus the ability to make better decisions in granting loans and managing risks. The aim of this research is to study the calculation of expected credit risks following the IFRS9 9 standard and analyze their impact on the credit volume in its application at the National Bank of Iraq. The focus is on understanding the details of the standard and how to apply it to improve risk management and make better decisions in granting loans. Through this research, we have concluded that calculating the expected credit risks by IFRS9 contributes to enhancing the bank's understanding of credit risks and improving its efficiency in risk management, and the correct application of the standard helps in supplying more transparent and predictable financial reporting of potential losses. Based on the findings, there are some recommendations for improving risk management at the National Bank of Iraq and applying the IFRS9 standard. The bank should strengthen its technical capabilities to collect and analyze financial data and credit ratings in a more correct and effective manner, and the bank should supply continuous training to employees on the standard and methods of its implementation and the use of proper predictive models to calculate the expected credit risks. Finally, the bank should give financial reports in an organized and transparent manner, explaining the expected credit volume and the potential risks entailed by this volume. This will help investors and regulators understand the extent of the bank's exposure to credit risks and the efficiency of the bank's risk management.
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the extent of companies' compliance with International Auditing Standard 265 (ISA), which requires management to report deficiencies in the internal control system. The research focuses on the overlap of this standard with the elements of the internal control system according to the COSO model. It also studies the relationship between compliance with the standard and the efficiency of the control system, with a focus on the control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and follow-up. The research reviews the challenges facing companies in implementing this standard. The research concluded that compliance with Standard 265 enhances the effectiveness of the internal control system. which enhances confidence in financial reports and reduces the chances of corruption and operational errors, and that failure to identify objectives and analyze risks leads to major gaps in internal control systems, and that relying on risk assessment principles in the COSO framework enhances banks' ability to identify weaknesses and material risks and address them effectively. and provides recommendations to enhance its implementation by encouraging internal and external communication through establishing effective communication channels within the banking sector for the purpose of accurately transmitting information and improving the communication process with external parties with the aim of ensuring that all parties are committed to their responsibilities