Search Results for self-financing

Abstract

The study aims to achieve several objectives, the most important of which is to analyze the nature of the financing behavior adopted by business companies, by measuring the impact of financing behavior—represented by short-term debt, common stock, and retained earnings—on Economic Value Added (EVA) using the EVA model for a selected sample of business companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange during the period from 2005 to 2024. The study relied on the descriptive-analytical approach to present the theoretical and analytical aspects of the research variables, and the quantitative approach to test the research hypotheses in order to address the research problem, which revolves around the question: To what extent does financing behavior affect the Economic Value Added of industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange? The study assumes a main hypothesis positing the existence of a statistically significant impact of financing behavior on the economic value of industrial companies. To test the research hypotheses, time series data and multiple linear regression analysis were employed. The results revealed a statistically significant negative impact of common stock financing on Economic Value Added, a statistically significant positive impact of retained earnings financing on Economic Value Added, and no significant impact of short-term financing on Economic Value Added.

The study concludes with a set of recommendations for financial decision-makers in the business companies of the study sample to help enhance their economic value, including: adopting an effective financing policy that ensures the optimal use of shares as a financing tool, achieving a balance between equity financing and debt financing.

Abstract

Financing represents the need of a joint-stock company for financial resources and the methods of collecting and using these resources. Financing is defined as "obtaining loans, funds, and advances to organize and manage the company's affairs." Financing plays a significant and important role in the economic activity of companies. Its function is to transfer capital from surplus to deficit areas or for investment and development of the company's activities. Therefore, companies always seek new and innovative sources of financing to achieve the highest income return without affecting their capital.

Most legal legislations, including the Iraqi legislator, have given great attention to the processes of adjusting the capital of joint-stock companies, whether by increase or decrease, provided that the capital's stability is not affected. Companies always need financing either to develop their projects or because their capital has suffered losses. Accordingly, they constantly seek innovative sources of financing to achieve the highest financial return, enabling them to develop their projects or fulfill their obligations

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the role of the financing structure variables in reducing the financial fragility of private commercial banks. Bank operation and continuity. In its practical aspect, the study relied on a set of published financial reports and statements for two of the banks listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for the period between 2005 - 2019. And to test its main hypothesis, multiple regressions was used in the method of regressive deletion. The study reached a set of results, perhaps the most important of which is that there is a statistically significant inverse effect between ownership finance and financial fragility in the study sample banks. Traditional and modern hedging mechanisms that help it get rid of fragility, as well as the application of the Altman model to measure financial fragility and determine its financial position.

Abstract

This study aims to determine the extent of the impact of financing on the market value of firms, by using a sample consisting of six financial firms listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange distributed between the two sectors (insurance and investment), and these companies constitute 60% of the research community for the period (2012-2021), based on the quarterly data to form (240) observations, and for the purpose of testing the hypothesis of the study, the Panel Data technology and the outputs of the Eviews-10 statistical program were relied upon, and multiple regression analysis was relied upon to identify the relationship between the explanatory variable (financial leverage) and the controlling variables (company size , fixed assets, growth opportunities, and trading ratio), with the dependent variable (market value), and the estimation results revealed that there is a statistically significant negative effect between the financial leverage and the market value of the firm, and that the firm's trading ratio and its fixed assets positively and significantly affected the value of the company It also showed that there is a significant negative impact of the firm's size and its growth rate in the market value, This result was consistent with financial theory and related studies in its various environments. Accordingly, about 43% of the change was reached, The outcome of the firm's market value is explained through the variables of the current study, which prompts financial managers to increase interest in how to form suitable sources of financing in a way that reflects positively on the firm's value in the market.

Abstract

The research tracks the problem of the high level of poverty in the country and the relationship of private commercial banks and their work to reduce this problem with the lack of effective solutions and initiatives to reduce this problem, especially since the contribution of these banks in solving this problem is limited. Therefore, the research will track the contribution of these banks to reduce poverty by developing their role And increasing the financing role, on the basis that commercial banks are a basic starting point for increasing bank financing in order to increase the establishment of small and medium enterprises, increase production capacity and contribute to the process of economic and social development, as commercial banks of all kinds are important tools of the economic system in the modern era and there is no growth, prosperity and progress without the use of work private banker.

Abstract

The research aims to analyze the content of the theoretical relationship between fiscal policy and the public budget deficit by defining the concept, types and tools of fiscal policy on the one hand, and the concept and types of public budget deficit and methods of financing it on the other hand, as well as building a measurement model to study and analyze the effectiveness of these tools in financing public budget deficits for selected advanced countries during the period (2002-2019), and through the use of modern economic measurement tools within the software (Stata 14.2 & EViews 12) and using the (Panel Data) data collection method, a (CD-Test) test for cross-sections was conducted as an initial step to determine the tests that will be used In order to find out the static of the variables and whether they fall within the tests of the first or second generation, and after making sure that there is no reliability between the cross-sections, the Levin, Lin and Chu (LLC) test was used, If its results showed that some variables have a unit root, that is, some variables are stationary in the level and others are stationary in the first difference, and accordingly, this will lead us to include these variables in the model, and we will have a dynamic model, and in this case we will deal with the models of temporal slowdown and the best example On that, it is the auto-regressive distributed lag model for dynamic panel data model (Dynamic Panel ARDL Model) and with its three estimators, which are the mean group estimator (MGE), pooled mean group estimator (PMGE) and the dynamic fixed effects estimator (DFEE). The Husman Test has been used. In order to differentiate between the three capabilities; The test showed that the combined group mean estimator (PMGE) is the best. The Husman Test was used to compare the three estimators; The test showed that the pooled group mean estimator (PMGE) is the best.

Abstract

حظى موضوع تحويل الشركات الصناعية من التمويل المركزي الى التمويل الذاتي باهتمام دول العالم ، لما له من دور بارز ومهم للارتقاء بواقع القطاع الصناعي ، وما يتطلب ذلك من اجراء تقييم لمدى كفاءة الاداء الاقتصادي لشركات هذا القطاع بشكل دوري ومستمر لتحديد جدوى التحول وللوصول الى مستويات عالية من الكفاءة خاصة في العراق . اذ تتحدد مشكلة البحث في ان معظم شركات وزارة الصناعة والمعادن ذات التمويل الذاتي تعاني من اعباء وتكاليف مالية تتحملها وزارة المالية في الوقت الذي يمكن ان تسعى فيه الحكومة الى توجيه مواردها المالية باتجاه انشطة انمائية تسهم في اعادة الاعمار والبناء .عليه تؤكد الدراسة على اهمية تحليل واقع هذه الشركات وتصنيفها وتقييمها من ناحية الربحيه الاقتصادية والاجتماعية وجدوى تحويلها ، لتحديد مدى امكانية اعادة هيكلتها . ذلك ان تحويل الشركات الصناعية من التمويل المركزي الى التمويل الذاتي ينبغى ان يتم على وفق معايير ومتطلبات اقتصاد السوق بعد عام 2003 ، ذلك ان الظروف التي احاطت بعملية التحول قد تغيرت بعد هذا العام . فطوال مدة العقوبات الاقتصادية كانت موازنة الدولة تفتقر الى الايرادات النفطية القادرة على تحمل اعباء الانفاق ، واولوية ذلك انحصر بشكل خاص على تلبية متطلبات الحاجات الاساسية للسكان . وبانتهاء العقوبات الاقتصادية ووفرة الايرادات النفطية وتعاظم الانفاق الاستثماري خاصة للقطاع ألصناعي وبعد دراسة وتقييم الشركات الصناعية خاصة شركة الاسمدة الجنوبية ، تم استنتاج عدد من الحقائق منها عدم نجاح الشركات الصناعية ذات التمويل الذاتي وما تعانيه من مشاكل وتحديات عدة . وقد اوصت الدراسة بوضع الحلول والمعالجات ووضع توصيات محددة للنهوض بالشركات الصناعية .

Abstract

The research seeks to the effectiveness show of monetary policy tools in light of the Central Bank of Iraq of independence and the extent of their contribution to the objectives of the general economic policy and their in choosing efficiency their tools that reflect the monetary variables that affect the banking system and then transferring the monetary effects to economic activity and achieving the goals of monetary policy The banking sector is with increasing interest in the economy for its active role in providing financial resources and mobilizing them from domestic savings and its efficiency The ability of banks to provide bank credit contributes to achieving economic development and this efficiency is based on the prevailing economic conditions and financial and monetary stability as it is the basis for directing monetary policy tools in the financial sector Therefore, the research was detailed to a comprehensive introduction to the research and methodology The second topic was devoted to the theoretical side and divided into three axes The first focused on monetary policy in Iraq The second centered around the concept of the banking financing gap and the third axis focused on the relationship between monetary variables and total credit and bank deposits The second topic the applied aspect of the research was to measure The relationship between the independent and dependent variables and the conclusion of the research in the conclusions and recommendations

Abstract

This research aims to demonstrate the contribution of internal auditing to help manage and reduce financial risks and achieve financial sustainability. The research included a number of variables to identify risks, their types, the foundations of their management, and the procedures followed to reduce risks. To achieve the research objectives and test its hypotheses, we conducted a case study of the most important financial risks that are likely to face self-financing units in Nineveh Governorate.

The most important results of the study reached by the researcher were the absence of regulations governing the performance of internal auditing to carry out its role in managing and reducing risks, the weakness of the role of internal auditing in achieving financial sustainability, and the lack of a clear program for internal auditing prepared in accordance with sustainability. The study concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: The necessity of ensuring that there is a plan in each department that includes steps and procedures to reduce the financial risks that may be exposed to and review them continuously. The importance of internal audits directing the unit to prepare reports and data related to sustainability in general and financial sustainability in particular. Internal audit must measure the financial sustainability of financial reporting information through specific quantitative measures

Abstract

The concept of sustainability is concerned with the indicators that can be relied upon in estimating the sustainability of the economy at the macro level and what is related to it.  Financial sustainability, on the other hand , focuses on public debt and its potential positive effects if used efficiently in financing the resource gap, or negative if Limit yourself to financing current consumption.

As far as the matter is concerned with the Iraqi economy, the rentier nature of the economy has spared the economy from resorting to public debt for the purposes of covering the “gap of resources”, and resorting to it was limited in times of crisis, preserving ad hoc attitude, away from its supposed role in achieving sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to examine the economic implications of financial sustainability and its projection on the Iraqi situation, while the research problem was to investigate the economic significance of the indicators in terms of their qualitative difference in the rentier developing economy such as Iraq.   The paper reached conclusions in correspondence with its problem and hypothesis

Abstract

The research aims to address a fundamental issue related to the impact of Islamic finance on economic development. Islamic finance has witnessed a significant increase in the volume of its financial transactions, especially after the global crisis of 2008, making it a key source for financing various economic activities and driving growth in many countries. Islamic banks were selected as the focus of the study because they represent the core component of the Islamic financial industry in Iraq.

The research adopts the inductive approach by focusing on the development of the Islamic banking sector in Iraq, its various patterns, and its impact on economic development. The development of the Islamic banking sector is expressed through a set of indicators (total assets and financing volume), while economic development is measured through the non-oil GDP indicator. The data cover the period (2013–2022).

The study concludes that there is a statistically significant positive effect of credit volume on economic development, while no impact of total assets in Islamic banks on economic development was found. The researcher recommends the need to develop the operational mechanisms of Islamic banks in a manner that ensures strengthening their positive impact on economic development.

Abstract

The research aims to know the impact of the application of IFRS 16 on the accounting measurement of rent and to know the difference between the method followed by the bank in measuring rents and the method followed by the standard in measurement, and also to know the difference between the bank’s classification of rents between operational and financing and the classification of the standard It and the consequences of this classification in terms of treatment by the bank and in the standard, by analyzing the lease contracts of the Trade Bank of Iraq and classifying those contracts into operational and financing and knowing the way in which the bank measures its lease contracts and then classifying the lease contracts according to The standard and the application of the measurement method used in the standard, and is there a difference in measurement or not. One of the most important conclusions reached by the researchers is the effect of applying IFRS 16 on the measurement of lease contracts in the bank. The most important recommendation reached by the researchers is to force Iraqi banks to apply IFRS 16 to lease contracts.

Abstract

 The problem of the housing sector is considered one of the most important problems that the Iraqi society has suffered from since the fifties of the last century, for several reasons, such as the large and rapid population increase that occurred in recent decades, and the accompanying large-scale migration from rural areas to city centers, and reasons related to the political, economic and security conditions.  In addition to the weakness of the financing system due to weak financing policies supporting housing, as the crisis increased due to the growing housing need, which is estimated at about (3) million housing units, so the Central Bank pursued an unconventional monetary policy to activate the real economic sectors, including the housing sector, in order to alleviate the severity of the crisis  housing in Iraq, and the Real Estate Bank has played a major role in providing real estate loans and alleviating the housing crisis under the initiative of the Central Bank of Iraq.

Abstract

the Iraqi economy suffers from many problems, it is necessary to go to the banking sector to achieve economic growth, Financing productive projects, mitigating and addressing economic problems, especially the problem of the budget deficit, through the issuance of treasury bonds and debt instruments and granting loans and through the use of financial policy tools such as taxes, in order to achieve economic and social goals, It works to adapt the relationship between the levels of public revenues and public spending, and that the banks' goal is to achieve the highest rate of economic and social well-being by reducing the budget deficit, reducing the burden of public debt, reducing the deficit in the trade balance, and reducing unemployment rates Where banks contribute to revitalizing the stock market by buying stocks and bonds, as the bank has become an indispensable institution in any economic system

Abstract

The process of pricing bank loans is one of the most important sources for the bank’s
revenues, as loans represent a large part of the bank’s assets. The research aims to measure and
know the impact of bank loan pricing indicators on credit risk. When the bank sets a high interest
rate, this leads to a loss of customers by going to other banks to obtain loans, and if a low interest
rate is set, this leads to a loss for the bank. Therefore, banks should use modern methods of
pricing bank loans. The research community represents the banks listed in the market. Iraq Stock
Exchange. As for the research sample, it consisted of 8 banks that were selected from among 24
banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange that meet the research requirements, and for the period
(2006-2015), and a set of financial indicators were used (return on net funds used, weighted
average cost of capital, Z-Score Profitability objective) Measurable research variables .

Abstract

Given the growing public debt burden and the volatility of global oil prices — the primary source of budget revenues — this study examines the economic impact of public debt on sustainable development in Iraq from 1990 to 2022. Using modern econometric models and quarterly time series data, the research analyzes the relationship between domestic and external public debt, economic growth, and sustainable development.

The study aims to identify the short- and long-term effects of public debt on growth and sustainability and clarify how oil price volatility affects this relationship. The results indicate that domestic debt has a less negative impact than external debt. While external debt supports expenditures in the short term, it increases long-term risks due to repayment obligations. The results also indicate weak links between high debt and sustainable development outcomes, reflecting the inefficient use of borrowed resources. Heavy reliance on oil revenues exacerbates the economy's vulnerability to external shocks. The study concluded with a set of recommendations: adopt wise debt management strategies; direct borrowing toward productive and developmental sectors; enhance transparency and institutional efficiency; diversify the economy to reduce dependence on oil; and cooperate with international financial institutions to design debt sustainability policies consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals.

Abstract

This research seeks to address by analyzing the symmetrical imbalances between the economy and the status of the current account and what is implied by the significance of the relative importance of the current account in the balance of payments on the one hand within the framework of the internal / external overlap of developing economies in general and  Iraq , as a case study  to examine the extent of the reflection of the local economic structure on the characteristics of the current account

There are types of imbalances in the balance of payments related to the structural characteristics of the economy i, meaning that they represent a reflection of the imbalance in its production structures, and this imbalance, namely, in the current account takes a directional turn over a long time period related to the process of economic development and its success or failure in achieving the required structural changes

The research concluded that its hypothesis is correct as far as it is concerned with Iraq and that there is a symmetry between the internal/external structural imbalance that has deteriorated in the current account, especially the trade balance, and this imbalance has taken a hidden form as a surplus in the case of the rentier economy.  It concluded that economic administration has no choice but to restructure the Iraqi economy in favor of other production sectors, as well as financing and rehabilitating infrastructure projects, in addition to striving to attract foreign investment and working to expand production capacities and reduce dependence on oil as a main source of national income.

Abstract

Introduction:

The world is facing a number of challenges, including climate change. Climate change is caused by human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, causing the planet to warm.

The Arab World and Climate Change:

The Arab world is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change. The region is already experiencing the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, and changes in agricultural yields.

The Impacts of Climate Change:

The impacts of climate change are already being felt around the world. They include:

• Rising sea levels: Sea levels are rising due to the melting of glaciers and ice sheets. This is causing coastal flooding and erosion, and is displacing people and communities.
• More extreme weather events: Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts. These events are causing damage to property and infrastructure, and are leading to loss of life.
• Changes in agricultural yields: Climate change is affecting agricultural yields, making it more difficult to produce food. This is leading to food insecurity and malnutrition.
• Loss of biodiversity: Climate change is causing the loss of biodiversity, as plants and animals are unable to adapt to changing conditions.

Solutions to Climate Change:

There are a number of things that can be done to address climate change. These include:

• Reducing greenhouse gas emissions: This can be done by switching to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and reducing deforestation.
• Adapting to the impacts of climate change: This can be done by building infrastructure that is more resilient to extreme weather events, and by developing new agricultural practices that are more resistant to climate change.
• Financing climate action: Developing countries need financial assistance to help them reduce their emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Conclusion:

Climate change is a serious threat to the Arab world and the world as a whole. It is important to take action to address this challenge, and to ensure that the region is prepared for the impacts of climate change.

Abstract

The research aims to clarify the mechanism for implementing the program and performance budget and its importance as a modern tool for financial reform by adopting the descriptive approach and the case study approach by reviewing the Egyptian experience in implementing this type of budget, in addition to designing a proposed model for implementing the program and performance budget in three ministries (Electricity, Construction and Housing, and Health) in line with the Iraqi national strategic objectives. The research showed that the success of the Egyptian experience in implementing this budget requires a clear institutional structure, integration between planning, financing, and implementation, and the availability of advanced information systems. The research also showed that ministries such as Health, Electricity, and Construction and Housing have appropriate capabilities for the gradual implementation of the program and performance budget, especially with the presence of projects that can be evaluated and performance monitored. This requires an explicit legal and legislative framework that requires the adoption of the program and performance budget, which is considered one of the fundamental obstacles facing implementation in Iraq.

Abstract

The statement of cash flows carries great importance for the users of the financial statements and facilitates the process of understanding and analyzing them because it provides financial information that is free from misleading and is modern as one of the main requirements of the establishments and provides useful information about the establishment’s operational, investment and financing activities. It exposes commercial banks to financial crises and risks. Cash, cash liquidity risks, and it has to draw the responsibilities of the monetary authority and establish an effective central unit through a strategic system and rely on ratios and indicators of cash liquidity because the low level of cash liquidity can expose banks to a financial crisis and financial risks that make them lose the element of safety, profitability and cash liquidity even if they achieve earnings And commercial banks must maintain cash liquidity by preserving cash assets and assets, and the research also found the results of the other bank with very high ratios that outweigh other ratios, such as the cash balance ratio and legal reserve, and the need to pay attention to the surplus and shortage of liquidity that you may be exposed to. Commercial banks during the exercise of their business, and the research also arrived, and the bank has the ability to provide various services and pay the obligations due with its liabilities, as it was found that the higher the rate of employment and loans compared to other banks, it turns out that the bank is able to offer new loans and grant advances and other facilities. Financial statements, including the balance sheet and the statement of cash flows, for the purpose of developing and drawing up plans for the future In order for the bank not to resort to borrowing on commercial banks, a sound policy drawing to avoid exposing the bank to banking and credit risks and cash liquidity risks and formulating an effective and sound strategy for the purpose of managing the securities and loan portfolio.

Abstract

The research aims to explore the role of green Creative in green insurance and securing its financing. It also aims to provide green innovation's conceptual framework, highlights its objectives and importance including (the use of renewable energy sources, enhancing resource usage, developing eco-friendly products, reducing waste and pollution, and improving agriculture). Furthermore, the research seeks to define green insurance and its characteristics represented in: providing insurance for green projects, covering environmental risks, motivating companies to improve their green performance by offering insurance discounts, and developing green insurance products.

In order to achieve the desired objectives, National Insurance Company in Iraq, which provides various forms of insurance including agricultural insurance, was conducted in this research. A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted. A survey was distributed randomly to (40) workers of middle and senior management in National Insurance Company. SPSS statistical tests were done such as (mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression).

The research was divided into four sections. The first focused on the general framework and research methodology, the second included the fundamental theoretical concepts of the research variables, section three encompassed the practical aspect of the research and the tested its hypotheses, while the fourth section concluded that there is a relationship between the elements of green innovation, whether collectively or individually, and green insurance in the researched company, and demonstrated that green insurance increases green sectors' investment, preserving green projects and enhancing their performance. Finally, the researcher recommended green innovation in all fields and ways that fit the natural environment to achieve sustainable production and consumption. In addition to that, that researcher, recommended to enhance insurance sector's awareness, particularly in green insurance sector, and get the benefit from advanced countries experiences.

Abstract

Debt structure is a crucial focal point in banking sector performance, as the distribution of debt between short-term and long-term affects financial risks and the market value of banks. Within the Iraqi economic environment undergoing structural transformations, analysing this impact emerges as a strategic tool to enhance banking stability and attract investments. This study provides an in-depth analytical perspective on the impact of debt structure dimensions (short-term, long-term, and total) on the performance of Iraqi commercial banks, based on comprehensive field data and advanced statistical models, to offer actionable recommendations. This study aimed to analyse the impact of debt structure dimensions (short-term debt, long-term debt, and total debt) on the market value of Iraqi commercial banks. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. The study population comprised (366) individuals from top, middle, and executive management levels, utilizing a comprehensive survey method. A set of statistical tools was employed, including (percentages, frequencies, arithmetic means, standard deviations, factor loadings, and impact analysis), relying on the (SmartPLS.4) program for structural equation modelling. The results revealed a high level of the overall performance indicator for both debt structure and market value. Furthermore, they demonstrated a statistically significant impact of all debt structure dimensions on the market value of the banking sector under study. In light of the findings, the study recommended developing programs to issue medium/long-term bonds in partnership with the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI), allocating at least 20% of the credit portfolio to this type of financing to support infrastructure projects with stable returns.

Abstract

Banks are exposed to many financial risks that arise when the bank faces difficulty in recovering loans from borrowers, which may affect the bank's assets and its ability to meet its obligations. There are also market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates, stock prices, and exchange rates, which negatively impact the value of assets. In addition, there are liquidity risks related to the bank's inability to meet liquidity needs suddenly, such as the withdrawal of deposits or financing loans, which creates challenges in achieving a balance between profitability and liquidity. Non-financial risks to which banks are exposed include operational risks resulting from the failure of internal systems or procedures, and legal risks arising from failure to comply with laws and regulations, which may lead to fines or legal cases. There are also strategic risks resulting from making incorrect decisions that affect the bank's future, in addition to reputational risks related to damage to the bank's image as a result of customer complaints or financial crises. To manage these risks, banks implement multiple strategies such as hedging, diversifying investments, and ensuring the implementation of regulatory requirements. Risk management helps improve the bank's stability and enhance its ability to make sound financial decisions, enabling it to reduce losses. Potential, capital preservation, and long-term sustainability are guaranteed, which increases the level of trust between clients and investors.

Abstract

The form of estimating, analyzing and interpreting the mechanism and channels of influence that financial flexibility can have with its sub-indices represented by (Liquidity CU, Financial Leverage (FL), towards the value of the company (MVA) for a sample of companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange consisting of six companies and for the period (2012-2022).), the main goal that the research sought to achieve. To achieve this, in addition to proving its hypotheses, the research adopted the sum of pooled averages methodology based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Pooled Mean Group (PMG/ARDL) methodology, based on data. The Balanced Longitudinal Panel Data, with a number of views amounting to (66) views, and its experimental results came to confirm that high levels of financial flexibility, whether through an increase in the liquidity index or through a decrease in the financial leverage index, are usually accompanied by positive effects on the company value index on... Long term due to the positive impact that financial flexibility has on the rise in the total market value of securities listed on the financial market, This calls for companies to pay attention to financial flexibility indicators and adopt them as a guide in their work because of their significant and effective role in controlling their sources of financing, protecting them from the risk of default, and supporting their ability to seize available investment opportunities, as well as confronting and overcoming financial crises by increasing the size of their assets compared to their debts and ensuring the availability of... Liquidity below the acceptable level.

Abstract

The research aims to know the role of business incubators in promoting entrepreneurship, and also aims to identify the level of availability of services (financing services, administrative and secretarial services, legal advisory services, infrastructure services, and marketing services) in the incubator of the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research / Department Research and development, and the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach in completing the research, and the questionnaire was adopted as a tool for collecting the required data. spss v.24 program. The research reached the most important conclusions, which are the weakness in the level of providing financial services, and this is due to the incubators' lack of financial support for their projects, and also their failure to prepare their budget, which may have an impact on that.

Abstract

The research aims to clarify and define sovereign wealth funds and their importance in preserving oil wealth revenues for the future while ensuring their equitable distribution for the future of future generations, as well as proposing an objective vision or drawing an integrated picture of the possibility of creating a sovereign fund for Iraq by preparing the general structure of the fund with the creation mechanism for that All of the justifications for the creation of an Iraqi sovereign fund and its importance and the objectives of the Iraqi sovereign fund were mentioned, as well as the possibilities of employing sovereign wealth funds in managing the financial crisis in Iraq. Economic represented by restructuring public spending in favor of investment spending, activating the role of non-oil revenues in financing the budget and addressing corruption, which is a structural factor that must be addressed.

Abstract

This study aimed to analyse the impact of financial leasing revenues on financial performance in the banking sector, by identifying the nature of financial leasing and its benefits, and knowing the extent to which banks benefit from financial leasing and its impact on their banking performance, as well as showing a financing method that enables banks, especially Islamic banks, to rely It must use it to invest its money and investments.

The research referred to the experiences of both Japan and Jordan by knowing the impact of financial leasing in both countries and the extent of their success in benefiting from the advantages provided by this activity. It was found that the success of financial leasing activity in developed countries is evidence of the advantages that this activity provides if it is implemented. correctly.

The research relied on the main hypothesis that financial leasing positively affects the banking financial performance of Islamic banks that adopted this formula.

The research reached the conclusion that financial leasing affects banking performance in developing countries slightly, but its impact in developed countries is better, and the reason for this is due to the instability in the economies of these countries, and this fluctuation in the volume of financial leasing activity in Arab countries reflects many problems and challenges. facing this activity.

One of the most important recommendations reached by the research is the need to provide full support to the banking sector by governments to be able to provide financial leasing services and benefit from them, as well as the need to educate administrators in the banking sector about the importance of financial leasing and the benefits expected from its use.

Abstract

Due to the boom in information technology and the space it occupies in all joints of life, especially financial, economic, military..... Etc. This technology has to be used and utilized in financial analysis to help investors make the best investment decision. The researcher deals with the mechanism and method of creating a computerized model using Microsoft Access to extract the results of financial ratios and calculate the average cost of financing, in addition to identify the fair share price and compare it with the market price, for the purpose of identifying the level of deviation in the market price, whether higher or lower than Fair price. The program has been fed with mathematical functions to help extract results so that investors can use them anytime possible. The researcher considered the use of this type of software helps to prevent manipulation and modification of the results extracted, allowing the opportunity for all dealers to get the results fairly and equally with opportunities. The researcher reached a number of conclusions the most important are the arrival of information technology beyond the expected point of access, and therefore boundless. Information technology can also be used to improve the country's financial reality and keep pace with developments in the financial sector worldwide. In addition to the conclusions, the researcher Suggested set of recommendations for those who wish to take them out of the most important, the need to enter information technology and programming in the construction of the financial and economic sector of the country because of its speed in performance, processing and accuracy in the results. It is also necessary to start establishing information technology centers to help build state sectors on the latest methods and techniques.

Abstract

Capital structure is considered a fundamental topic in the field of financial management due to its vital role in supporting corporate financial decisions and its direct impact on financial performance and returns. This study aims to analyze the role of capital structure indicators on abnormal stock returns, with a specific focus on industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, as these returns serve as important indicators of market efficiency and the influence of financial decisions.

The study addresses the relationship between the components of capital structures such as debt and equity—and deviations in stock returns from expected values. These deviations may reflect unexpected opportunities or additional risks borne by investors. The research problem was formulated through inquiries into the impact of the financing mix used by companies on abnormal returns, as well as the extent to which these returns are affected by financial risk and the environmental challenges faced by the Iraqi market.

The significance of this study lies in its attempt to explain how changes in financial leverage influence abnormal returns. It also provides practical indicators that enhance the efficient use of financial resources and help investors gain a better understanding of how to evaluate their returns and expectations based on the components of capital structure. Furthermore, the study seeks to offer insights and recommendations that support financial decision-makers in choosing a balanced capital structure that contributes to growth and risk reduction. The study adopts an analytical approach that integrates theoretical foundations with empirical measurement of financial leverage indicators and abnormal returns, by analyzing data from a sample of listed industrial companies.

Abstract

In light of the increased requirements for transparency and disclosure of all information related to financial and non-financial performance, especially in financial institutions, and based on the importance of financial inclusion in Egyptian banks and the disclosure of its indicators and how to implement it, the current research aims to study the role of disclosure of financial inclusion indicators on the financial performance of Egyptian banks. We study on Egyptian commercial banks, and the research reached several results, the most important of which is that financial inclusion is one of the basic pillars for achieving financial stability by supporting the stability of the deposit base and improving the flexibility of financing and investment in the banking sector, which leads to the ability of the financial system to withstand economic shocks, as the researcher recommended. Several points, including the following: the need to pay attention to the basic elements necessary to increase the quality of financial reports in the commercial banks under study, and the necessity of working to pay attention to the nature of the strong relationship that links indicators of the application of financial inclusion and the quality of financial reports, as well as the necessity of benefiting from the positive impact of indicators of the application of financial inclusion on the quality of financial reports.

Abstract

The importance of the subject in estimating the impact of sudden oil shocks over decades since the early seventies of the twentieth century until now was the motive in choosing it, and naturally when oil prices are low, this will be reflected in the government's financial decisions. The research problem revolves around dependence on oil revenues mainly and the weakness of other sectors such as agriculture in financing the government budget in Saudi Arabia, which raises the following question: It is to what extent these countries can absorb those oil shocks and contain them through an appropriate fiscal policy. The research relied on the hypothesis that tracking the paths of oil shocks had clear repercussions in government budget decisions, which prompted Saudi Arabia to follow appropriate financial methods and means to contain the government budget deficit. One of the main objectives of the research is to show the risks of oil shocks on financial conditions in creating surpluses or deficits in these financial conditions for government budgets, and the research relied on the analytical method to prove its hypothesis to show the trends of these shocks. The research reached a number of results, including that oil is and is still one of the most important drivers of political and economic developments, and many believe that it is the determinant of these developments. Accordingly, the research recommended: to work on diversifying the Saudi economy in order to move from a rentier economy to an economy with strong pillars based on the development of service, agricultural, industrial and production sectors, in order to reduce the severity of negative oil shocks on the Saudi economy, and the need to choose appropriate methods for investment Correct oil revenue.