Search Results for central-bank-of-iraq-
Abstract
The banking crisis occurs in the banking system when cash withdrawals from all types of bank accounts by bank customers suddenly rise, that is, when the bank’s or financial institution’s liabilities are greater than financial assets and then its inability to cover the liabilities, then the cash and its equivalents are not guaranteed. The quality of the loan portfolio and the increase in bad loans from it have an impact on the financial position, and for this reason and in the aftermath of the recent financial crisis (2008), the International Accounting Standards Board, in cooperation with international organizations, issued the International Financial Reporting Standard (9) to recalculate the expected credit losses of financial instruments according to scientific grounds To avoid defaulting in debt repayment, the research focused on the challenges facing commercial and Islamic banks in Iraq in implementing the guiding regulations issued by the Central Bank of Iraq, which mandated the application of the standard as of 2019 in light of the capabilities available in those banks.
With the aim of the research to shed light on the requirements of the standard IFRS-9) and procedures for banks in the application of the standard and the role of the Central Bank of Iraq in monitoring banks to ensure that those requirements are met. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the timing of the application of the standard is not appropriate due to the circumstances that Iraq is going through, and many commercial activities have stopped due to the outbreak of the Corona virus with the decline in oil prices. 2019 until a later time until the appropriate environment for the application is available
Abstract
This study aims to analyze and measure the impact of Smart Digital Transformation on the quality of administrative processes at the Central Bank of Iraq – Mosul Branch, by examining the correlation and influence between the two variables. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach (exploratory study), and data were collected through a questionnaire based on the five-point Likert scale. Out of a total population of (181) individuals, (120) questionnaires were distributed using a random sampling method, with (103) valid responses retrieved for analysis via the statistical software (SPSS V.26). The results indicated that the three dimensions of Smart Digital Transformation (Infrastructure, Digital Skills, and Automation) are present in varying degrees within the bank. Based on the findings, several recommendations were proposed, most notably: the bank’s management should work toward integrating all administrative and banking systems into a unified digital platform to ensure automated data flow between departments. This would eliminate the redundancy of manual data entry, minimize human error, and achieve full automation of administrative processes.
Abstract
The problem of the housing sector is considered one of the most important problems that the Iraqi society has suffered from since the fifties of the last century, for several reasons, such as the large and rapid population increase that occurred in recent decades, and the accompanying large-scale migration from rural areas to city centers, and reasons related to the political, economic and security conditions. In addition to the weakness of the financing system due to weak financing policies supporting housing, as the crisis increased due to the growing housing need, which is estimated at about (3) million housing units, so the Central Bank pursued an unconventional monetary policy to activate the real economic sectors, including the housing sector, in order to alleviate the severity of the crisis housing in Iraq, and the Real Estate Bank has played a major role in providing real estate loans and alleviating the housing crisis under the initiative of the Central Bank of Iraq.
Abstract
Problem Statement: economic environment differs than before, due to the rapid strategic changes and high level of demand for qualified services and/ or goods, that leads to another sense of competing among businesses, especially in last decades of 20th century, business environment involved in globalization to response and satisfy customers depending on the interaction between society as (external environment) and business’s infrastructure as (internal environment). These changes need a rapid response that means using new systems in planning strategies, organizing, leading and controlling as well to sustain and survive.
Methodology: it is a descriptive paper that analyze the results through depending on non- experimental design through three (retrospective, longitudinal, and cross- sectional) indicators to examine environmental social responsibility ESP as one of balanced score card perspectives. Results: there is a positive impact of adopting ESRP to achieve qualified financial projects. Conclusion: the interlinkage between external environment (society) and internal one (business infrastructure) is very tight, but the horizon to understand this tight relationship is still fuzzy, due to the dynamic changes of those interlinkages and more efforts have to be done to enrich this phenomenon.
Abstract
The role of small and medium enterprises is essential in economic and social development and is the focus of attention of governments and international organizations, most notably the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Their importance increases in developing countries because they represent the only realistic prospects for economic development and an effective tool for addressing the problem of unemployment and poverty there. The research aims to clarify the concept of small and medium enterprises and their role in achieving comprehensive economic and social development in Iraq in the current and future stages. The descriptive and deductive approaches were followed, in an attempt to link small and medium enterprises and sustainable development in the Iraqi economy in this research. Small and medium enterprises face a number of obstacles that limit their contribution and effectiveness in sustainable development in Iraq, then explaining the most important details in order to develop appropriate solutions for them. In this research, we will focus on several concepts for small and medium enterprises and shed light on the most important conclusions, including that the private sector of small and medium enterprises is in dire and necessary need of government support to be able to advance and develop. In conclusion, a number of recommendations were presented for the development of small and medium enterprises, and we hope that they will be of assistance in the research topic, including the urgent need for the Iraqi government to play an important role in creating supportive regulatory frameworks through collective funds and other mechanisms, establishing microfinance units in the Ministry of Trade and the Central Bank of Iraq to provide the necessary consultations for the work of small projects.
Abstract
The issue of monetary policies and their role in achieving economic stability and economic growth aims at price stability as a primary goal, and with the diversity and development of monetary policy tools, it has become an important part of the comprehensive economic policy in countries in general. As a result of the serious negative effects of inflation and its reflection on the economy, economic policy makers worked on using monetary policy tools to address inflation by influencing the supply of money and demand for it in line with a set of economic goals and the prevailing economic conditions in the country concerned. Central banks have adopted the monetary policy tool and their implementation, as the Central Bank of Iraq worked to adopt a set of technical and legislative measures through its monetary tools to achieve stability in the general level of prices. The researcher aims to identify a more effective tool than the monetary policy tools in dealing with inflation in Iraq for the period 1991-2019. The results of the test showed that open market operations had an impact in the current year and the previous year on inflation. The researcher used the tools of modern standard and mathematical tests that would determine Factors affecting inflation, as the study used the NARDL model to separate the negative and positive differences for each variable, and then tested them on the dependent variable, and this is a somewhat modern method in standard tests.
Abstract
Foreign trade is one of the basic sectors of any country's economy. It is of great importance in developing economic relations between countries worldwide, especially developed and developing countries, through the import and export of goods and services, both visible and invisible, and the movement of capital and gold trading. Foreign trade activities are usually carried out through the mechanism of linking the exchange rate of the local currency to foreign currencies. The importance of this study lies in highlighting the fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against a basket of foreign currencies, especially the US dollar. These fluctuations directly affect the economy in general and the costs of importing goods and services in particular. This study aims to measure and analyze the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on Iraqi imports for the period 2004–2023. To achieve the study objective, the study relied on time series data and used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the relationship between the dependent and explanatory variables in the long and short term. The study found a statistically significant positive relationship at the 5% level between the exchange rate and imports in the long term, which means that the rise in exchange rates in Iraq led to an increase in the volume of imports during the study period. based on these results, the study recommends the need to create a stable economic environment for the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against foreign currencies, especially the US dollar, in addition to strengthening the role of the Central Bank of Iraq in controlling the official and parallel exchange rates to limit their negative impact on the increase in consumer imports.
Abstract
The study targeted a critical issue in the Iraqi economy, represented by the challenges facing political and economic decision-makers in supporting the Iraqi industry. The study analyzed the government logistical support for entrepreneurs and the mechanisms for incubating their small entrepreneurial projects in light of the current challenges (environmental, economic) that prevent the effectiveness of these projects in supporting the national economy.
A questionnaire was designed to the five-point Likert scale and covered four areas (legislation, the economic policies, the financial support, and the advisory services). The questionnaire included twenty questions that reflect the challenges facing the entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurs of small entrepreneurship.
A simple random sample was drawn based on the rule of (100) observations from the community of entrepreneurs whose entrepreneurial projects fall under the Industrial Development Directorate at the Ministry of Industry and the Central Bank of Iraq. The survey results indicated the small entrepreneurial projects effectively supporting the national industry could achieve by integrating the incubate mechanisms of these projects with government logistical support to sustain their growth and effectiveness in the Iraqi economy.
Abstract
This research aims to demonstrate the role of digital technology tools in enhancing financial health within Iraqi commercial banks. The central research question is: "Do digital technology tools contribute to enhancing financial health?" This question is further broken down into several sub-questions. To achieve the research objective, hypotheses related to the correlation and influence between the main research variables were adopted. The central hypothesis states: "There is a statistically significant correlation and influence relationship between digital technology tools and enhancing financial health." The research relied on financial stability reports published by the Central Bank of Iraq for the period 2019-2024. The research population consisted of Iraqi commercial banks, and several financial equations and statistical methods were employed. The research reached a number of conclusions, most notably that banks vary in their level of digital technology adoption. This variation stems from each bank's unique policies, procedures, and approach to achieving its objectives, including resource allocation, acquisition methods, risk tolerance, and profitability targets. The research also offered several recommendations, the most important being the necessity of employing modern digital technology tools to enhance the financial stability of banks and contribute to improved financial health. This can be achieved by integrating these tools as fundamental pillars of the Iraqi banking sector.
Abstract
The study aims to evaluate the banking stability achieved by Rafidain bank based on banking stability indicators, the reality of the use of financial technology, and the extent to which the latter is reflected in its banking performance.To achieve this goal, deductive approach and its cognitive implications were relied upon through the use of the descriptive analytical method, which analyzed the financial date of Rafidain Bank and the Statistical reports and publications issued by the central Bank of Iraq, along with an exploratory analysis of the application of technology in Rafidain Bank,Accordingly, it was concluded that the weak use of financial technology in Rafidain Bank increased the possibility of being exposed to finacial crises that would shake its banking stability,this requires the Central bank and the relevant authorities to work on contracting with international companies that will help introduce financial technology into the bank, which will facilitate banking financial services and support its growth and stability.
Abstract
The banking sector is one of the sectors most exposed to risks and the reason is due to the nature of the work of banks that is linked to a group of risks directly. Therefore, it is necessary for the bank to have an efficient and efficient internal control through which it can control the bank’s resources from the risk of waste and loss.
Therefore, the idea of establishing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision came from the banks’ need to strengthen the internal control and increase its solidity to face risks effectively. The increase and exacerbation of global indebtedness, especially in developing countries, so if the banks are committed to applying the requirements of Basel III, this will help reduce risks and control the available resources and reduce.
As for the research sample, it included three private commercial banks, which are the Iraqi Union Bank, Ashur International Bank and Al-Mansour Investment Bank.
The research reached a set of results, including that the requirements of Basel III came to keep pace with the banks of developed countries, and that it is possible to cover the risks they face from their capital, which in turn represents a challenge for banks of developing countries due to the difficulty of implementing these requirements and that the internal control of banks is in their interest to apply all the requirements Basel III to increase its durability and strength to face the risks it may be exposed to.
The research problem includes the extent to which banks operating in Iraq apply the requirements of Basel III and does the Central Bank of Iraq follow up on the application of these requirements periodically. For banks, the research sample is represented by three private commercial banks: Union Bank of Iraq, Ashur International Bank and Al-Mansour Investment Bank.
The researcher also relied on laws and legislations related to the subject of research, doctoral dissertations and relevant master’s theses, in addition to relevant Arab and foreign books and periodicals. Relationship to the subject matter.
Abstract
Central bank digital currencies are the reaction of central banks to illegal digital currencies of all kinds, whether central bank digital currencies are a new tool for monetary policy or just a new factor in global and local markets. It presents banks with unpredictable opportunities and challenges. The research discusses the basic tasks and functions of the central bank in managing the monetary mass. And the global and regional experiences of digital currencies. And dealt with possible scenarios for the issuance of legal digital currencies. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which was that there are three scenarios for the issuance of digital currencies. From the central banks and the wholesale scenario of cross-border payments is the most convincing as it helps to get rid of the inefficiency of payment systems.
Abstract
Debt structure is a crucial focal point in banking sector performance, as the distribution of debt between short-term and long-term affects financial risks and the market value of banks. Within the Iraqi economic environment undergoing structural transformations, analysing this impact emerges as a strategic tool to enhance banking stability and attract investments. This study provides an in-depth analytical perspective on the impact of debt structure dimensions (short-term, long-term, and total) on the performance of Iraqi commercial banks, based on comprehensive field data and advanced statistical models, to offer actionable recommendations. This study aimed to analyse the impact of debt structure dimensions (short-term debt, long-term debt, and total debt) on the market value of Iraqi commercial banks. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. The study population comprised (366) individuals from top, middle, and executive management levels, utilizing a comprehensive survey method. A set of statistical tools was employed, including (percentages, frequencies, arithmetic means, standard deviations, factor loadings, and impact analysis), relying on the (SmartPLS.4) program for structural equation modelling. The results revealed a high level of the overall performance indicator for both debt structure and market value. Furthermore, they demonstrated a statistically significant impact of all debt structure dimensions on the market value of the banking sector under study. In light of the findings, the study recommended developing programs to issue medium/long-term bonds in partnership with the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI), allocating at least 20% of the credit portfolio to this type of financing to support infrastructure projects with stable returns.
Abstract
The research seeks to the effectiveness show of monetary policy tools in light of the Central Bank of Iraq of independence and the extent of their contribution to the objectives of the general economic policy and their in choosing efficiency their tools that reflect the monetary variables that affect the banking system and then transferring the monetary effects to economic activity and achieving the goals of monetary policy The banking sector is with increasing interest in the economy for its active role in providing financial resources and mobilizing them from domestic savings and its efficiency The ability of banks to provide bank credit contributes to achieving economic development and this efficiency is based on the prevailing economic conditions and financial and monetary stability as it is the basis for directing monetary policy tools in the financial sector Therefore, the research was detailed to a comprehensive introduction to the research and methodology The second topic was devoted to the theoretical side and divided into three axes The first focused on monetary policy in Iraq The second centered around the concept of the banking financing gap and the third axis focused on the relationship between monetary variables and total credit and bank deposits The second topic the applied aspect of the research was to measure The relationship between the independent and dependent variables and the conclusion of the research in the conclusions and recommendations