Search Results for risk
Abstract
The research focuses on calculating the expected credit risks according to the IFRS9 9 standard and how to apply this standard in the National Bank of Iraq. IFRS9 9 is an accounting standard that deals with the classification, financial value of financial assets and the management of risks related to them. Modern accounting standards require considering the financial risks of loans and other financial products owned by the bank. The IFRS9 9 standard aims to supply a comprehensive credit risk management system and supply a probable estimate of expected losses on loans and other financial products. The process of calculating the expected credit risk by the IFRS9 9 standard includes several main steps. First, financial products should be classified according to the degree of expected risk. This classification is based on the quantitative and qualitative information relevant to the bank and the credit risk assessment for each category. After that, the expected credit size for each category is decided based on forecasting models and risk estimates. These models are based on a set of accounting, economic and business standards. Historical data and current information are used to decide the expected credit volume and the possible risks entailed by financial portfolios. According to accounting standards, banks must include the expected credit volume in periodic financial reports and constantly update it. This helps third parties, such as investors and regulators, to understand the bank's exposure to credit risks and the efficiency of the bank's risk management. This process is reflected in the volume of credit applied at the National Bank of Iraq by improving the bank's understanding of credit risks and thus the ability to make better decisions in granting loans and managing risks. The aim of this research is to study the calculation of expected credit risks following the IFRS9 9 standard and analyze their impact on the credit volume in its application at the National Bank of Iraq. The focus is on understanding the details of the standard and how to apply it to improve risk management and make better decisions in granting loans. Through this research, we have concluded that calculating the expected credit risks by IFRS9 contributes to enhancing the bank's understanding of credit risks and improving its efficiency in risk management, and the correct application of the standard helps in supplying more transparent and predictable financial reporting of potential losses. Based on the findings, there are some recommendations for improving risk management at the National Bank of Iraq and applying the IFRS9 standard. The bank should strengthen its technical capabilities to collect and analyze financial data and credit ratings in a more correct and effective manner, and the bank should supply continuous training to employees on the standard and methods of its implementation and the use of proper predictive models to calculate the expected credit risks. Finally, the bank should give financial reports in an organized and transparent manner, explaining the expected credit volume and the potential risks entailed by this volume. This will help investors and regulators understand the extent of the bank's exposure to credit risks and the efficiency of the bank's risk management.
Abstract
This research aims to study the impact of internal audit on risk management in light of internal audit standards. The research was carried out on a sample of public banks operating within the State of Iraq, where the collected data was analyzed by conducting an applied study and conducting a questionnaire for that, and international standards for internal auditing were used as a tool. To evaluate the impact of internal audit on risk management, the results of the study showed that there is a positive and strong relationship between internal audit and risk management through the contribution of internal audit in improving risk management procedures and enhancing internal control in banks. The research recommended the importance of strengthening the role of internal audit as an effective tool in improving risk management in public banks.
Abstract
Banks are exposed to many financial risks that arise when the bank faces difficulty in recovering loans from borrowers, which may affect the bank's assets and its ability to meet its obligations. There are also market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates, stock prices, and exchange rates, which negatively impact the value of assets. In addition, there are liquidity risks related to the bank's inability to meet liquidity needs suddenly, such as the withdrawal of deposits or financing loans, which creates challenges in achieving a balance between profitability and liquidity. Non-financial risks to which banks are exposed include operational risks resulting from the failure of internal systems or procedures, and legal risks arising from failure to comply with laws and regulations, which may lead to fines or legal cases. There are also strategic risks resulting from making incorrect decisions that affect the bank's future, in addition to reputational risks related to damage to the bank's image as a result of customer complaints or financial crises. To manage these risks, banks implement multiple strategies such as hedging, diversifying investments, and ensuring the implementation of regulatory requirements. Risk management helps improve the bank's stability and enhance its ability to make sound financial decisions, enabling it to reduce losses. Potential, capital preservation, and long-term sustainability are guaranteed, which increases the level of trust between clients and investors.
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of financial and operational risks on the profitability of Iraqi Islamic banks as of (2014-2019), where the study population consists of all employees of Iraqi Islamic banks, with a total of (8) banks. The sample of the study consisted of (50) individuals. Eviews software was used for statistical analysis, and the analytical descriptive statistical method was applied in this study. To achieve the study objectives, the following indicators were used to express financial risks: credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and capital adequacy risk. The indicators below were used to express: With regard to financial performance (return on assets, return on equity), the difficulty of the research was the significant growth in these risks due to technological progress and the creation of new financial instruments, and the study found that financial risks had a harmful effect On the financial performance of the Iraqi banks. In the light of the previous results. The report concluded with a number of suggestions, the most important of which are: the need for Iraqi banks to implement a specific plan for risk management that improves financial performance, as well as setting up preventive and corrective internal control mechanisms. Credit grants are expanded.
Abstract
Given the great importance of financial stocks and their significant role as one of the financial assets used in building the optimal investment portfolio, they are exposed to many risks, the most important of which is the decline in their market value. Therefore, our study addressed the reverse split method as a financial method used to raise the prices of financial stocks with low prices. A sample of Iraqi banks that suffer from A decrease in the level of share prices of (14) Iraqi banks for the period from 6/2014 to 6/2024, as the research aims to know the extent of the ability of the reverse segmentation method in building optimal investment portfolios when implementing the reverse segmentation, and two sides of the reverse segmentation were taken, which are the positive side represented by the rise in prices, as well as the negative side represented by the decrease Stock prices when implementing the reverse split, and the research aims to know the effect of this method on the returns and risks of stocks after its implementation, especially the returns and risks of portfolios that were built based on the cut rate as well as the performance of these portfolios, as it was found that the effect of the reverse split of stocks was found whether at a rise in the price level or at a fall in stock prices after its implementation, and that the returns The risk levels increased more when prices rose after the reverse split than when prices fell. The research results also showed that the optimal portfolio’s return when prices rose after the reverse split was higher than the portfolio’s return after the price decline. However, the risk of the optimal investment portfolio when prices fell after the reverse split was higher, the risk of the investment portfolio is higher when prices rise after implementation. The reverse split did not play any role in improving the performance of the investment portfolio whether prices rose or fell. Therefore, investment portfolio managers who seek to achieve high levels of returns regardless of the level of risk associated with those returns should buy shares of banks that implemented the split decision. Reverse, and this requires the management of the Iraq Stock Exchange to include the reverse split within the procedures in effect in the Iraq Stock Exchange.
Abstract
The international country risk guide referred to the possibility of analyzing a country's political risks using variables that included certain common or differentiated political characteristics that could become an identifiable characteristic of that country. The goal of analyzing such risks is to provide a method for quantifying and monitoring their consequences through multiple variables, including, but not limited to, the performance of financial markets. Such evaluation can be accomplished by assigning risk scores to a group of factors known as political risk elements, and despite the large size of the effects of these risks on market performance (sectors and companies), some parties avoid, ignore, or even include insufficient estimates that do not reflect their significance. As a result, the research problem focused on the idea that such levels of political risk might have a significant positive or negative impact on the performance indicators of the Iraq Stock Exchange. The ARDL model was used in the study to determine the direction and strength of the influence on the research sample. The study uncovered several results, the most important of which was that the voting process and accountability connected to the army's intervention in politics, accountability, and democracy were among the most influential explanatory factors for the two models.
Abstract
The research aims to shed light on the effect of credit risk on the share prices that economic units are exposed to, represented by commercial banks, the sample of the research, as a result of the credit facilities they grant, which are represented in loans and advances, and since these units earn profits through credit facilities, they bear some risks due to some default In terms of payment, where the risks relate to the return directly, as the higher the return, the greater the risk. As for the research sample, it was represented by commercial banks, which amounted to five banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period from (2015-2019). Financial indicators were used to measure these risks as well as the use of the SPSS program. To analyze the data and test hypotheses, a set of conclusions and recommendations were reached that support the research, and the results showed a statistically significant effect of non-performing loans on stock prices. The research also found a statistically significant effect of the provision for credit losses on stock prices. Bad loans for some banks reached a dangerous stage, reaching (1.09) for the Assyrian Bank for the year (2017) and the Bank of Baghdad (0.82) for General (2018).
Abstract
Abstract
Commercial banks are the basic infrastructure in building the economy and business of any country, as commercial banks play a prominent role in the process of economic development, and most banks are exposed to many banking risks that may lead to instability in the financial system. Perhaps the most important of these risks is liquidity and credit risk, which are one of the important issues in commercial banks, as it is a source of concern for every bank, because the function for which the banks were found is to provide cash liquidity and grant credit. This research aims to clarify and analyze the relationship of (liquidity and credit) risks with banking safety indicators for a sample of commercial banks. Three commercial banks (the Commercial Bank of Iraq, the United Bank for Investment, and the Middle East Bank) were selected for the period (2010-2020) and the research was based on the following hypothesis It (there is a statistically significant correlation between credit and liquidity risks and banking safety indicators), and the research reached several results, the most important of which is that analyzing the relationship of liquidity and credit risk indicators with banking safety indicators helped policy makers and regulators identify strengths and weaknesses in commercial banks. easily, so that they can take preventive measures to avoid any crises or setbacks that hinder the work of banks. While the research recommended the necessity of urging Iraqi commercial banks to develop measurement and control tools and to develop effective contingency plans, in order to control liquidity and credit risks
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the impact of bank Credit risk as an independent variable on the returns of investors represented by the free cash flow available to the owner of Common stocker as a dependent variable. To achieve this goal, we used a sample of (20) Iraqi Commercial bank for the period from 2014 - 2020. using quantitative risk metrics, the study found correlations and adverse influence between two of dependent variables and positive correlations and effect with the other variables.
Abstract
The aim of the research is to Identify the level of application and documentation of the process requirement item / analysis of the international standard (ISO 31000:2018),and diagnosis of quantitative and descriptive analysis in assessing tax risks using risk assessment techniques, as well as an indication of the level of tax risks to which the General Tax Authority is exposed. as well as to indicate the level of tax risks according to risk assessment techniques in the General Tax Authority, as the research started from a problem that raised several questions, including what is the percentage of application And documenting the analysis item from the process requirement in accordance with the international standard (ISO 31000:2018), and what are the techniques of quantitative and descriptive analysis of tax risks, and what is the level of those risks affecting the strategic goals, and the checklist has been adopted as a basic tool in collecting data and information, and the research has reached To the most prominent Conclusions, which is that the level of application and documentation of the analysis item of the process requirement has reached a rate of (19%), which is close to the weight of (partially applied and not documented), which means that the Structure under study has moved away from the application of the specification requirements and the size of the gap has reached (81)%. As well as the exposure of the body in question to the risks of the external environment at a higher level than the risks of the internal environment.
Abstract
The current study aims to explore the impact of entrepreneurial orientation as an independent variable — through its dimensions (innovation, risk-taking, proactiveness, autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, and competitive energy) — on business success as a dependent variable. The study focuses on a sample of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate.
To achieve the study objectives, a sample of 123 SMEs in Najaf was selected, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The study reached several conclusions, most notably that SMEs exhibit a strong entrepreneurial orientation, which contributes to better performance through the development of new products and services that meet market needs. The results also showed that reactiveness enhances a company's ability to seize opportunities before competitors, while other dimensions such as autonomy and risk-taking contribute to strengthening competitiveness and achieving success.
Based on these findings, it can be concluded that enhancing entrepreneurial orientation among SMEs in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf is an effective strategy for improving their performance and increasing their competitiveness in the market. Moreover, the study provides valuable insights for policymakers and decision-makers in supporting these enterprises by providing an enabling environment that fosters innovation, risk-taking, and reactiveness — thereby contributing to sustainable growth and tangible business success.
Abstract
The research aims to identify the concept of geopolitical risks, and the state of cooperation between risk management and internal audit together to overcome geopolitical uncertainty, and to draw the attention of internal auditors to the ways that internal audit can provide assessment, confirmation and advice with regard to geopolitical risks, including responses initiatives and regulatory penalties.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher used the constructive approach in the study and analysis through the use of dissertations master’s theses, periodicals, books and websites that deal with the subject of the study, especially with regard to the areas of: geopolitical risks and the role of internal audit in assessment, confirmation and advice.
The research problem is defined by the basic question that this research seeks to answer: Can internal audit provide assurance and advice on geopolitical risks? And how?
The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are:
The need of the internal auditor to carry out a comprehensive and independent assessment of geopolitical risks in cooperation and consultation with the Risk Management in order to identify the most important risks and integrate them into the audit plan, and to amend the plan based on the results of the continuous assessment and emerging risks, and to ensure that the management and the audit committee are fully aware of these risks and their effects and that they take the appropriate measures to deal with it and address it in a timely manner.
Based on the research findings, proposals were made that are consistent with these conclusions, the most important of which are:
The need for parties interested in the internal audit profession to hold seminars for auditors and hold specialized workshops to introduce geopolitical risks, and to draw the attention of internal auditors to the ways in which internal audit can provide assessment, confirmation and advice, with regard to geopolitical risks, and they are considered an essential part of the task of the successful internal auditor who adds Valuable to the company that gave him its trust.
Abstract
Capital structure is considered a fundamental topic in the field of financial management due to its vital role in supporting corporate financial decisions and its direct impact on financial performance and returns. This study aims to analyze the role of capital structure indicators on abnormal stock returns, with a specific focus on industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, as these returns serve as important indicators of market efficiency and the influence of financial decisions.
The study addresses the relationship between the components of capital structures such as debt and equity—and deviations in stock returns from expected values. These deviations may reflect unexpected opportunities or additional risks borne by investors. The research problem was formulated through inquiries into the impact of the financing mix used by companies on abnormal returns, as well as the extent to which these returns are affected by financial risk and the environmental challenges faced by the Iraqi market.
The significance of this study lies in its attempt to explain how changes in financial leverage influence abnormal returns. It also provides practical indicators that enhance the efficient use of financial resources and help investors gain a better understanding of how to evaluate their returns and expectations based on the components of capital structure. Furthermore, the study seeks to offer insights and recommendations that support financial decision-makers in choosing a balanced capital structure that contributes to growth and risk reduction. The study adopts an analytical approach that integrates theoretical foundations with empirical measurement of financial leverage indicators and abnormal returns, by analyzing data from a sample of listed industrial companies.
Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate liquidity risk and its impact on banking security using the audited annual financial statements of Iraqi commercial banks for the period between 2016-2020AD for five of the Iraqi commercial banks. To test the study hypotheses, the percentages that represent the indicators of liquidity and banking security were extracted, and using the simple regression analysis method, the correlation coefficient, the coefficient of determination and the T-test as tools for analysis through the statistical program Mini tab 18, the results showed a statistically significant relationship between the dependent and independent variable represented by measures Bank liquidity and banking security in the Iraqi commercial banks, the subject of the study, and some conclusions and recommendations were reached for the purpose of overcoming the risks of bank liquidity.
Abstract
This research explores consumer resistance to smartphone innovation in the Erbil/Iraq, uncovering several significant findings. The main goal of the study was to identify the consumer characteristics that influence this resistance and its implications. For smartphone manufacturers, marketers, representatives, and researchers, this study offers a comprehensive understanding of consumer behavior and resistance to technological progress. The results can guide targeted strategies to overcome barriers, improve product development, and increase market share. The study contributes to our understanding of innovation resistance in the unique context of the Erbil/Iraq, highlighting the importance of conducting thorough investigations in similar circumstances.
In light of the findings of the demographic survey, a significant portion of respondents were young people, supporting the widely held belief that young individuals are more likely to adopt new technology. However, the study emphasizes that age is not the sole determinant of resistance to innovation. The diminished impact of income, marital status, and gender on resistance indicates a complex interplay of factors. Conversely, a higher level of education was associated with a greater likelihood of embracing smartphone innovation.
The study delved into various aspects of innovation and revealed that self-efficacy, motivation, complexity, perceived risk, and expectations of a superior product all significantly influenced consumer resistance. Resistance showed a negative correlation with self-efficacy as a psychological trait, suggesting that individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy were less resistant to smartphone innovation. Conversely, higher levels of complexity, perceived risk, expectations of a better product, and motivation were linked to increased resistance, highlighting the crucial role of behavioral and psychological characteristics in shaping consumer attitudes towards innovation. Relative advantage did not appear to have a significant influence, while compatibility and attitudes towards current products were deemed insignificant predictors of resistance. These findings underscore the intricate nature of innovation resistance and demonstrate that socio-demographic traits alone are insufficient as predictors. Consumer resistance is largely shaped by psychological elements such as self-efficacy, motivation, expectations, complexity, and perceived risk.
Abstract
The research aims to test the effect of the foreign direct investment rate, inflation rate, government spending rate, population growth, GDP growth, the degree of trade openness, and the corruption risk index on the youth unemployment rate in African countries. Although youth unemployment rates in African countries are not among the highest rates in the world, it remains a problem that requires serious consideration in addressing it as it is considered a major factor in political instability. The research adopted the method of multiple linear regression and panel data for the period 1990-2019 for sixteen African countries for which the required data for the research were available: Zimbabwe, Uganda, Rwanda, Niger, Senegal, Mozambique, Nigeria, Central Africa, Tanzania, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Kenya Angola, Cameroon. It was concluded that foreign direct investment ratio was negatively affects the youth unemployment rate. While the effect of government spending, population growth and corruption risk index (decreased risk of corruption) was positive. No significant effect of economic growth, inflation rate, and trade openness has been demonstrated on the youth unemployment rate in African countries.
Abstract
Given the swift digital changes occurring in the Banking industry, the purpose of this paper is to examine how well artificial intelligence systems can forecast and protect against future disasters. By utilizing its skills in big data analytics, forecasting financial behavior, and more accurately and effectively managing risks, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly regarded as a crucial component in the development of banking systems and improving their operational efficiency.
By enhancing client satisfaction, tailoring banking services to meet the demands of each individual, and cutting down on operational errors and administrative expenses, banks hope to gain a competitive edge by utilizing these technologies. AI also helps to speed up credit decisions, make it possible to identify financial crime early, and create clever marketing plans based on forecasts of future market trends.
In order to ensure financial sustainability and achieve integration between digital transformation and the demands of banking innovation, studies show that the future of AI encompasses strategic, cultural, human, technological, and organizational dimensions in addition to technical ones.
The paper also examined a number of anticipated long-term effects of AI applications, such as increased forecasting precision, lower operating expenses, better customer satisfaction, increased worker productivity, and assistance with investment choices. The findings show that implementing AI applications in the banking sector is a strategic requirement to guarantee long-term growth and competitiveness in the digital era, not a technical luxury.
In order to enhance lending decisions and lower default risks, the paper also assesses how well a number of categorization algorithms work in assessing loan applicants' creditworthiness. Using a dataset that represented the traits and financial activities of clients, seven machine learning techniques were used: Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, Extra Trees, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, SVC-RBF, and KNN.
The paper used a database of 21 variables for loan applicants. Numerical variables included (age, income, credit score, debt-to-income ratio, and loan amount). Descriptive variables included (loan purpose, region, marital status, employer, educational level, and application channel). Binary variables included (whether or not the applicant had a history of default). These variables were used to predict the approval or rejection decision, with the dependent variable being represented by two values: 0 for rejection and 1 for approval.
The models were evaluated using the following six key performance indicators: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1 Score, Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC AUC), and Brier Score. The findings demonstrated that the Gradient Boosting algorithm performed best overall in both probability prediction quality and customer differentiation across different risk levels. The Random Forest algorithm, which showed stability and balanced metrics, came next. On the other hand, despite its moderate performance, Logistic Regression provided great interpretability, while the Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm demonstrated high sensitivity in identifying high-risk customers. In terms of overall accuracy and probability quality, some models—like SVC-RBF and KNN—performed worse.
Abstract
Abstract:-
The research aims to propose a model for the sustainable growth rate for financially distressed companies. The proposed model for the sustainable growth rate is derived from the (Higgins, 1977) model for the sustainable growth rate. The research used a sample of banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period (2010-2020), which showed The results of the practical side are that there are four banks that were in financial difficulty, (Bank Of Baghdad, Iraqi Middle East Investment Bank, National Bank Of Iraq, Credit Bank Of Iraq), and that the model of sustainable growth rate for the proposed financially distressed banks is based on the basic principle of retaining profits and not distributing them to the bank’s shareholders, and the low growth rate The sustainability of the distressed banks is reflected in the decrease in the standard deviation, and thus the decrease in the financial risk of the financially troubled banks, and the research sample banks should better invest their internal funds sources to reduce the risks of external borrowing, and thus increase their financial returns with the least possible risks, and the financially distressed banks should focus on increasing the margin Net profit and asset turnover of only.
Keyword: Financial Distressed , Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR), The rate of sustainable growth of , Retained Earnings, Financial Risk . ,( ) Financial Distressed
Abstract
This study aims to compare and improve the methods of building investment portfolios for a sample of Iraqi banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, by comparing traditional methods such as the Markowitz model with modern techniques based on machine learning. The Markowitz model is key to balancing return and risk across the medium-variance optimization framework, a traditional model that many financial institutions rely on. The study focused on exploring the extent to which machine learning techniques such as key component analysis (PCA), supporting vector machine (SVM), logistic regression, and random forest can improve the performance of the investment portfolios of these banks in a volatile environment such as the Iraq Stock Exchange. These techniques rely on processing and analyzing huge financial data to discover hidden patterns and relationships that help increase returns and reduce risk more effectively compared to traditional methods. The historical financial data related to the shares and assets of the banks of the research sample in the Iraq Stock Exchange was used to evaluate the performance of portfolios according to indicators such as expected return, variance, and Sharpe ratio. The study aims to provide innovative solutions that help banks make smarter and more effective investment decisions, commensurate with the local market conditions and the economic and political challenges they face.
Abstract
The research problem represented by that Sudanese companies and financial institutions are exposed to many audit risks that hinder their continuity and the achievement of their objectives, which prompted these companies, financial institutions and those in charge of organizing the auditing profession to search for modern and contemporary methods of auditing to reduce these risks.
The maim of the research is to present a conceptual framework for contemporary trends in auditing, with an indication of their importance in determining the audit risks.
The study relied on the field and investigative method, and the questionnaire was adopted as a means of collecting data. The statistical method was also used to analyze the data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
The research reached several results, including: The environmental audit helped to give a clear Vision of the impact of environmental activities on the financial values of the project. The strategic audit, led to fewer errors, which increased confidence in the financial reports. Quality audit facilitated access to more accurate audit evidence and better performance of the audit process. The application of peer audit, helped ensure compliance with the ethics and conduct of the profession. The study also recommended a number of recommendations, including: The National Audit Bureau should pay attention to activating contemporary trends of auditing because of their effective role in reducing audit risks and the positive results that these trends achieve on the performance of the audit process. The necessity for accounting and auditing firms to pay attention to professional requirements and competence due to their importance in promoting contemporary auditing trends.
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the extent of companies' compliance with International Auditing Standard 265 (ISA), which requires management to report deficiencies in the internal control system. The research focuses on the overlap of this standard with the elements of the internal control system according to the COSO model. It also studies the relationship between compliance with the standard and the efficiency of the control system, with a focus on the control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and follow-up. The research reviews the challenges facing companies in implementing this standard. The research concluded that compliance with Standard 265 enhances the effectiveness of the internal control system. which enhances confidence in financial reports and reduces the chances of corruption and operational errors, and that failure to identify objectives and analyze risks leads to major gaps in internal control systems, and that relying on risk assessment principles in the COSO framework enhances banks' ability to identify weaknesses and material risks and address them effectively. and provides recommendations to enhance its implementation by encouraging internal and external communication through establishing effective communication channels within the banking sector for the purpose of accurately transmitting information and improving the communication process with external parties with the aim of ensuring that all parties are committed to their responsibilities
Abstract
The aim of the research is to clarify the role of financial engineering and its applicable tools in banks and how to manage banking risks. In order to achieve the research objective, the research problem was formulated with the following question: What is the role of financial engineering in managing and reducing banking risks?
Then the hypothesis was formulated to answer the research problem. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach, as the researcher collected data and information through references and literature from books, periodicals, master’s theses, doctoral dissertations, Arab and foreign scientific journals, and browsing the international information network (the Internet) to track the latest scientific developments regarding the research topic.
The researcher reached a set of results, the most prominent of which is that risks are inherent in banking work without exception, regardless of the type of bank or the type of activity it carries out. Financial engineering tools were and still are the subject of great controversy among those dealing with them and studying them. Some of them strongly support their use, while others consider them the cause of financial crises.
The researcher also recommends the most important of which is establishing the foundations of financial engineering and financial risk management and clarifying their limits so that the bank can benefit from their tools and products. Paying attention to training accountants and intensifying communication work that increases the confidence of customers and society as a whole in the bank’s services, which reduces risks on the one hand and increases the size of the portfolio and deposits on the other hand.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of the entrepreneurial orientation through five dimensions: innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy - on the marketing capabilities that include: pricing, product development, channel management, marketing communication, selling, market information management, marketing planning, and marketing implementation. The research was conducted in (23) Iraqi travel and tourism companies. Analytical descriptive research method. The questionnaire is the tool used to collect research data. Statistical programs (SPSS V.23 and AMOS V.23) were used to analyze the data. The study sample was randomly selected and consisted of (78) individuals from these companies. The research found a strong positive effect of the entrepreneurial orientation on the marketing capabilities, and that the greatest effect of the entrepreneurial orientation was on the pricing ability, and the least effect of the entrepreneurial orientation was on the ability of marketing communication. The research highlights on the level of variables and the nature of the relationships between them in the tourism sector in the Iraq.
Abstract
The research focused on promoting community sustainability and highlighting its role in achieving sustainable development through solar energy, especially since it is considered one of the most important renewable energy sources. Its use reduces gas emissions, carbon waste, and noise, thereby mitigating the impact of climate change. The research question emphasizes that despite the presence of traditional energy sources in Iraq, particularly crude oil and natural gas, these resources are depleted and not renewable. However, their continued use poses a risk of environmental pollution and injustice to future generations. It also focused on reviewing previous studies on the concepts of social sustainability as a starting point for achieving sustainable development goals (the theoretical aspect). It also collected data on the costs of installing and maintaining solar energy systems, as well as monthly and annual consumption calculations for a number of homes. It also selected an agricultural model (irrigation system). It also evaluated the feasibility of investing in solar energy systems over a 10-year period compared to consumption using conventional sources. The research answered the question: What is the relationship between social sustainability and the application of solar energy systems in achieving sustainable development goals? What are the challenges and opportunities facing this relationship in this context?
The research reached several conclusions, including:
- Enhancing community empowerment, which has positive impacts at the local level, such as job creation.
- Enhancing the environmental aspect and environmental sustainability, such as reducing emissions and increasing shaded areas, which reduces temperatures above homes, albeit relatively.
- Among the challenges facing solar energy projects are the lack of funding and a lack of awareness among individuals.
This research is within the general framework and can be modified to suit the circumstances and level of use.
With the assistance of specialists in this field, the design and engineering aspects are detailed and precise, according to the needs of the community. With the situation as mentioned above.
Abstract
The issue of drugs is a pressing concern that is gaining increasing importance globally due to its profound impact on communities and individual health. Drug use leads to a wide range of negative effects, affecting both physical and mental health, resulting in chronic health issues such as depression, anxiety, and heart diseases. Additionally, drug use is associated with an increased risk of infectious diseases, such as HIV and hepatitis, particularly among youth populations.
Furthermore, drug abuse contributes to family disintegration and rising crime rates, as addicts may resort to illegal activities to fund their habits, leading to an increase in thefts and other crimes. This phenomenon also erodes social relationships and heightens economic pressures on individuals and families.
Research indicates that the economic costs resulting from drug use encompass healthcare burdens, increased spending on social welfare programs, and loss of productivity. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive response from all stakeholders, including governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector.
This study reviews the social and economic impacts of drug use, providing a thorough analysis based on current research and studies. It also includes practical recommendations for improving prevention and treatment strategies, including enhancing collaboration among various institutions and developing effective educational and awareness programs.
Abstract
Today, The World is living in a state of economic stagnation caused by the emerging (COVID-19), and the impact of the health crisis, as a result of preventive measures, has extended to the total closure and almost complete suspension of economic activities. This research aims to demonstrate the impact of the Corona pandemic (COVID-19) on supply chains, and the extent of the supply chain stumbling and its impact on the gross domestic product, as the research reached results, the most important of which is the presence of a clear stumble in supply chains, for the first and second quarters of the year (2020), which led To the decline in GDP and the volume of demand, and that agile supply chains can recover quickly from sudden setbacks, and as a result, the research recommends the need to modify supply chains to make them more flexible, and pay attention to the strategic level of risk management, as it is preferred for companies to reconsider the system and size of emergency stocks, to face A series of economic challenges resulting from abnormal conditions such as epidemics, or emerging infectious diseases such as the virus (COVID-19) and diversification of supply chains and storage systems practices.
Abstract
The form of estimating, analyzing and interpreting the mechanism and channels of influence that financial flexibility can have with its sub-indices represented by (Liquidity CU, Financial Leverage (FL), towards the value of the company (MVA) for a sample of companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange consisting of six companies and for the period (2012-2022).), the main goal that the research sought to achieve. To achieve this, in addition to proving its hypotheses, the research adopted the sum of pooled averages methodology based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Pooled Mean Group (PMG/ARDL) methodology, based on data. The Balanced Longitudinal Panel Data, with a number of views amounting to (66) views, and its experimental results came to confirm that high levels of financial flexibility, whether through an increase in the liquidity index or through a decrease in the financial leverage index, are usually accompanied by positive effects on the company value index on... Long term due to the positive impact that financial flexibility has on the rise in the total market value of securities listed on the financial market, This calls for companies to pay attention to financial flexibility indicators and adopt them as a guide in their work because of their significant and effective role in controlling their sources of financing, protecting them from the risk of default, and supporting their ability to seize available investment opportunities, as well as confronting and overcoming financial crises by increasing the size of their assets compared to their debts and ensuring the availability of... Liquidity below the acceptable level.
Abstract
The research aims to find out the extent of the existence of Banking Entrepreneurial in private ethnic commercial banks, as all banks seeking Entrepreneurial need to be able to manage able to find a kind of harmony, between their capabilities and technical skills and total knowledge, and possessing the vision of the future to achieve the bank's objectives, to reach a strong competitive position, and highlight the problem of how interested private banks are in the pure leadership of the research sample banks is (Ashur Bank Al-Mansour Bank, Baghdad Bank) has found a weakness in the indicators of banking leadership and recommended the need to adopt a culture of Banking Entrepreneurial and support creativity and innovation and encourage it. The research will be dealt with through four investigations, the first research includes the methodology of the research, the second discussed the theoretical aspect of the research and the third research included the practical aspect of the research, and the fourth discussed the conclusions and recommendations
Abstract
The research aimed to identify how to build models for selecting the optimal mix of investment portfolios, as well as presenting the stock returns of fifty-four companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange to facilitate investors' choice of the best investment alternatives by comparing stock returns with the financial market returns. Using monthly data spanning the period from March 2020 to May 2024, the research examined fifty-four companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, covering all traded sectors. The research also demonstrated the importance of beta analysis (β) in classifying stocks into defensive and offensive, which helps investors build balanced financial portfolios that manage risks more effectively. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the pricing of capital assets depends on two important factors: the risk premium and the beta value. Consequently, any increase in either of these factors will be directly reflected in the prices of corporate assets.
Abstract
The research explores to test the Fama-French five-dimensional model in analyzing the returns of ordinary shares using profitability and investment as a measure of the model. Financial data needed for research. To solve the research problem, some mathematical laws and related statistical methods were adopted to analyze the data of the companies covered by the research. The results of the research indicated that the factors of profitability and investment, respectively, are the most important factors affecting the returns of the shares of the sample companies and their market value, on the one hand, and on the other hand, it requires the use of a five-dimensional Fama-French model to analyze the returns of ordinary shares from companies and the clarity and transparency of their financial information so that The financial analyst can use this model and rely on it in estimating stock returns, in addition to the existence of an efficient market in which the research sample companies operate, in addition to the ability of the F-F-5 model to explain the returns of the shares of the research sample companies by (67%), and this indicates that it contains (67%) ) of the risk factors that accompany its investment.
Keywords: profitability, investment, stock returns, Fama-French five-dimensional model
Abstract
The research aims to measure and analyze the correlations between the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index (RISX) and the returns of commodity markets represented by the returns of the OPEC oil market (ROPEC), the returns of 21-carat gold market (RPG21), and the returns of the wheat market (RPW)), relying on monthly data for the period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2023, and using the Dynamic Conditional Correlation-GARCH (DCC-GARCH) model. To determine the extent of the impact of the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index and commodity market indicators on conditional volatilities, and whether there is a dynamic conditional relationship between these markets, the results showed negative relationships between the returns of ROPEC, RPW and the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index (RISX). This relationship may provide investors with an opportunity to diversify their portfolios and reduce overall risks. There are also positive relationships between the returns of commodity markets on one hand, and between the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index (RISX) and the returns of the gold market (RPG21) on the other hand. And these links indicate that the returns of all these markets tend to move in the same direction, which means that investors may not achieve diversification benefits by investing in all of these markets at the same time. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the openness of the Iraqi stock market and to seek to enhance its information technology and transparency in order to increase the capacity and smoothness of information flow to and from the market, giving local and foreign investors and brokers more ability to hedge and predict the expected correlations and fluctuations in those markets.
Abstract
This study highlights the disclosure of important segmental information in segmental reports, which is an appropriate tool for investors and other stakeholders where information is presented in a segmented manner, allowing for more accurate analysis to make informed decisions. Under IFRS (8) companies must provide segment disclosures Financial instruments that enable investors to evaluate different sources of risk and income as management does. The researchers reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the sectoral reports are a reflection of the internal reports that were submitted to the main decision maker to evaluate performance and allocate resources. The sectoral reports allow reviewing the operations of the economic unit from the same management perspective. Very reliable because it was used in decision-making and this increases the confidence and credibility of users in financial reports. The researchers also concluded that the essential information in each sector must be disclosed accurately and transparently in order to help users understand the performance of the economic unit through its operational sectors, evaluate its performance and allocate resources to it.
Abstract
Universities worldwide have recognized the challenges of digital transformation in the face of rapid technological advancements, which have become an integral part of the educational system for all academic programs. This integration brings numerous advantages to all stakeholders in the educational process. Traditional methods, techniques, and tools have become outdated, prompting universities to enter into agreements with specialized global companies in technology, software, and tools. These agreements aim to equip their infrastructure for the educational process across various academic programs and disciplines, building knowledge and skills for students and preparing them for the job market in the era of digital transformation affecting all sectors.
Digital transformation is no longer an option but a necessity for institutions striving to enhance their efficiency and ensure their sustainability. The rapid growth of digital technology, advancements in smart devices and systems, increased data processing capabilities, and artificial intelligence have led to revolutionary changes. Dealing with the digital society requires investment in human resources and competencies possessing digital skills, capabilities, passion, ambition, and dialogue. This entails adopting a comprehensive approach to teaching methods, focusing on future requirements.
As mentioned earlier, digital transformation has become an urgent necessity that educational institutions seek to establish and dedicate. Educational technologies and digital platforms are not just concepts; they are now essential practices for the educational and learning processes. Universities need to leverage digital technologies to improve educational processes and practices, enhance learner and teacher experiences, and support the creation of effective and enduring educational models. Digital transformation helps universities operate more efficiently, remain competitive in global rankings and accreditations, and succeed in preparing learners for digital work environments.
In this context, digitization is a necessity in higher education institutions, attracting top students and improving the experience of courses, educational materials, and training processes in general. It enables monitoring and tracking to identify obstacles and challenges in training and reduce the risk of dropout. However, hesitation in understanding and seizing opportunities to move towards this digital environment still exists. It is essential for digital transformation to align with communication principles, ensuring its commitment to meet the expectations of various groups interested in economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
Abstract
The purpose of the current study is to determine the effect of marketing intelligence in promoting entrepreneurship in Jotun Modern Paints Company. The study was represented by two variables, including the independent variable, marketing intelligence in its dimensions (customer intelligence, market intelligence, product intelligence, competitor intelligence), while the dimensions of the dependent variable represented entrepreneurship with its three dimensions (proactive, innovation, risk bearing). The study population was represented in the Jotun Modern Paints Company and its branches located in the governorate of Baghdad. The intentional research sample, consisting of (65) individuals from the managers and workers of the above company, was also selected. The questionnaire was also used as a tool to obtain the necessary data that was prepared based on the ready-made measures after being subjected to it. In addition to the validity and reliability tests, the application (Microsoft Excel) and the statistical program (SPSS Ver.19) were used to enter and analyze the study data. The study presented a set of results, the most important of which was the existence of a positive relationship and a positive impact of marketing intelligence aimed at enhancing the entrepreneurship of the company throughout the study and research.
Abstract
The banking sector is one of the sectors most exposed to risks and the reason is due to the nature of the work of banks that is linked to a group of risks directly. Therefore, it is necessary for the bank to have an efficient and efficient internal control through which it can control the bank’s resources from the risk of waste and loss.
Therefore, the idea of establishing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision came from the banks’ need to strengthen the internal control and increase its solidity to face risks effectively. The increase and exacerbation of global indebtedness, especially in developing countries, so if the banks are committed to applying the requirements of Basel III, this will help reduce risks and control the available resources and reduce.
As for the research sample, it included three private commercial banks, which are the Iraqi Union Bank, Ashur International Bank and Al-Mansour Investment Bank.
The research reached a set of results, including that the requirements of Basel III came to keep pace with the banks of developed countries, and that it is possible to cover the risks they face from their capital, which in turn represents a challenge for banks of developing countries due to the difficulty of implementing these requirements and that the internal control of banks is in their interest to apply all the requirements Basel III to increase its durability and strength to face the risks it may be exposed to.
The research problem includes the extent to which banks operating in Iraq apply the requirements of Basel III and does the Central Bank of Iraq follow up on the application of these requirements periodically. For banks, the research sample is represented by three private commercial banks: Union Bank of Iraq, Ashur International Bank and Al-Mansour Investment Bank.
The researcher also relied on laws and legislations related to the subject of research, doctoral dissertations and relevant master’s theses, in addition to relevant Arab and foreign books and periodicals. Relationship to the subject matter.
Abstract
The research aims to evaluate the performance of banks using the PATROL model as a modern model that departs from traditional evaluation models. The model used is considered an early warning tool and includes five indicators: “(capital adequacy, profitability, credit risk, regulation, liquidity).” The research methodology included the use of the descriptive aspect based on books, research, dissertations, and theses, in addition to the use of the analytical aspect through the use of mathematical equations for the indicators of the model used. The research sample represented banks (Sumer Commercial, International Islamic) due to the availability of their data announced in the stock market, in addition to not displaying the research sample to any Violations during its banking work and throughout the research period extending between (2017-2022) for the purpose of making a comparison between them when using the model in evaluating their performance and determining the best in performance. The research hypothesis was proven that the PATROL model can be used in evaluating the performance of commercial and Islamic banks. The research reached a number of conclusions. The most important of which is that using the model helps bank management in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of performance, which helps decision makers develop effective solutions to obstacles and problems in a timely manner. One of the most important main recommendations of the research is directing banks to the necessity of following up on the performance evaluation process to achieve their banking soundness and ensure their sustainability and continuity in the job.
Abstract
The research discussed the importance of non-financial information and the extent of its disclosure and its reflection on the market value of Iraqi commercial banks. The research sample included in the Iraq Stock Exchange, as a list of information required to be disclosed in banks consisting of (67) elements was prepared, and applied to each of the banks as a sample Research to find out whether the bank discloses the information or not, and the information was divided into four groups: a strategy, a non-financial financial, and another to measure the independent variable represented by the non-financial disclosure, while the average annual price of the share was used as a measure to measure the dependent variable represented by the market value of bank shares, which is It is extracted by (the annual trading volume of the bank the number of shares traded), and among the most important conclusions reached by the research are: There is no correlation and moral impact between the non-financial disclosure and the market value. While the research concluded with presenting a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: The need for investors to be aware of the importance of non-financial disclosure as it provides additional information related to risk management such as risks (credit, market, liquidity, interest rates, foreign currency) and future expectations regarding stock prices, cash flows, revenues and profits. And capital expenditures, given that the disclosure of financial information does not provide investors with the future evaluation of the bank and the ability to fully understand the opportunities and risks, which helps them in the process of visualizing future risks and opportunities in addition to evaluating the financial expectations of the bank in the distant future, which enables them to make a rational decision in investing in the bank’s shares.
Abstract
The research seeks to determine and measure the effectiveness of the supervisory controls adopted in the National Bank of Iraq in reducing the operational events related to electronic systems in terms of the number of events and the size of the losses resulting from them, through the use of the inductive approach in terms of examining data on operational events and supervisory controls in the years 2020 and 2021 and applying theoretical concepts. Which were discussed to evaluate the effectiveness of internal controls in reducing operational risks. As a result, the study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that internal controls contribute to reducing the number and size of operational events related to electronic systems and maintaining them within acceptable risk limits
Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate the impact of announcing the distribution of dividends in light of information asymmetry and in light of the phenomenon of terrorism for the purpose of predicting stock prices for companies listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange. The study was applied to a sample of various market sectors, taking into account the diversity in the sectors, which included Mosul Dam Company that met the conditions of the study, which identified the companies that distributed dividends for two consecutive years (2014-2015), and the event study method was used with a (40) day event window with a period of (20) days before and after the event to measure the information asymmetry, as the forecasting method was adopted to identify the effects. The future of the dividend decision depends on investors' decisions in light of conditions of instability. In addition, two statistical methods were used to test the study's hypotheses, namely the regression analysis method and the scenario method. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the possibility of achieving extraordinary returns by relying on the informational content of the dividend dividend. There is also a significant impact Statistical significance for the dividend decision due to information asymmetry. The scenario method contributes to predicting stock prices better than the traditional method. One of the most important recommendations reached by the study is the necessity of adopting scientific methods to measure the impact of market-related terrorist events on the accuracy of financial results, especially the use of mathematical models to measure the impact. Market events on stock prices. It is also preferable to adopt the scenario method in predicting stock prices and financial performance and adopt it as a model that provides multiple options for financial decisions, in addition to not being satisfied with the extraordinary return as only one tool for making investment decisions, but rather other factors such as risk must be taken into account.
Abstract
The research discusses how to enhance and activate the modern tasks and roles of the internal auditor related to helping organizations achieve its goals in terms of (governance, risk management, internal control) and providing exceptional services to management, as well as adding value to the organization as a whole, by adopting creative methods in terms of the basic components of creativity, As the internal auditor's carrying out these tasks greatly contributes to the success of the financial and administrative work and reaching satisfactory results for all parties, The research problem raised questions about the nature of the role between research variables, and the researchers adopted a scientific approach using the descriptive analytical approach and using the statistical program (spssv23) to find percentages The duplications and the analysis of the nature of the relationship, and a questionnaire form was built, tested, and then distributed to the research sample, and the research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: The components of creativity have a large and important positive role in improving and distinguishing the performance of internal auditors in relation to achieving the objectives of the organization, helping the administration to carry out its tasks and increase the value The organization through the development and evaluation of services, and research recommends organizations to focus and collaborate between components, Creativity and the work of internal auditors to activate his modern roles.
Abstract
The global economy is going through multiple unexpected events and changes that will affect the banking sector, and therefore it is imperative to search for a tool that helps protect the banking institution and the banking sector, especially after the recent global financial crisis, as stress tests appeared, which in turn support management Risks in detecting banking risks before they arise, and therefore these tests give a dose of immunity to the banking community to protect it from expected and unexpected events. The research concluded that the banking stress test scenarios have partially affected the efficiency ratios that the banks have in the research sample, due to the durability of their financial suitability. Banks should apply the tests periodically and consider them as a shield that protects them from external influences.
Abstract
The process of pricing bank loans is one of the most important sources for the bank’s
revenues, as loans represent a large part of the bank’s assets. The research aims to measure and
know the impact of bank loan pricing indicators on credit risk. When the bank sets a high interest
rate, this leads to a loss of customers by going to other banks to obtain loans, and if a low interest
rate is set, this leads to a loss for the bank. Therefore, banks should use modern methods of
pricing bank loans. The research community represents the banks listed in the market. Iraq Stock
Exchange. As for the research sample, it consisted of 8 banks that were selected from among 24
banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange that meet the research requirements, and for the period
(2006-2015), and a set of financial indicators were used (return on net funds used, weighted
average cost of capital, Z-Score Profitability objective) Measurable research variables .
Abstract
The research aims to study and analyze the risks associated with the adoption of accounting information systems, particularly human, technological, environmental, and legal risks. It also addresses the literature related to the reliability of the external auditor’s report by highlighting the nature of these risks and explaining the extent to which they affect the quality and credibility of audit reports issued by local audit firms.
The research is based on the hypothesis that identifying the risks of adopting and operating accounting information systems by regulatory bodies, and relying on auditors who possess the professional capability to disclose such risks, will positively reflect on the reliability of the final audit report for stakeholders who rely on accounting information. To achieve the objectives of the study, a conceptual framework was developed that covers the accounting information system, its internal structure, and the risks associated with its adoption. In addition, the framework analyzes the dependent variable represented by the reliability of the external auditor’s report and the characteristics that this report must include. The study also clarifies the role that risk identification can play, especially risks related to human factors involving system designers and operators, and technological risks related to the information infrastructure of business organizations.The researcher concluded that the level of disclosure regarding the risks of adopting accounting information systems in audit reports is still limited and incomplete. A significant portion of audit outputs continues to focus on traditional financial tests, without expanding into the evaluation of risks associated with modern systems. It was also found that the lack of systematic identification of these risks directly affects the reliability of the audit report and reduces the ability of users of financial statements to rely on it.
The researcher recommends that audit reports should include an annex or a dedicated section addressing risks related to accounting information systems, and that an evaluation methodology should be adopted encompassing human, technological, environmental, and legal risks, in addition to determining the impact of these risks on the fairness and credibility of financial data. The study further recommends enhancing the training of regulatory staff on mechanisms for evaluating risks associated with modern systems and integrating the results of such evaluations into the contents of the external auditor’s report, in a manner that strengthens its reliability and transparency for all stakeholders.
Abstract
This research aims to demonstrate the contribution of internal auditing to help manage and reduce financial risks and achieve financial sustainability. The research included a number of variables to identify risks, their types, the foundations of their management, and the procedures followed to reduce risks. To achieve the research objectives and test its hypotheses, we conducted a case study of the most important financial risks that are likely to face self-financing units in Nineveh Governorate.
The most important results of the study reached by the researcher were the absence of regulations governing the performance of internal auditing to carry out its role in managing and reducing risks, the weakness of the role of internal auditing in achieving financial sustainability, and the lack of a clear program for internal auditing prepared in accordance with sustainability. The study concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: The necessity of ensuring that there is a plan in each department that includes steps and procedures to reduce the financial risks that may be exposed to and review them continuously. The importance of internal audits directing the unit to prepare reports and data related to sustainability in general and financial sustainability in particular. Internal audit must measure the financial sustainability of financial reporting information through specific quantitative measures
Abstract
The research aims to know the role of business incubators in promoting entrepreneurship, and also aims to identify the level of availability of services (financing services, administrative and secretarial services, legal advisory services, infrastructure services, and marketing services) in the incubator of the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research / Department Research and development, and the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach in completing the research, and the questionnaire was adopted as a tool for collecting the required data. spss v.24 program. The research reached the most important conclusions, which are the weakness in the level of providing financial services, and this is due to the incubators' lack of financial support for their projects, and also their failure to prepare their budget, which may have an impact on that.
Abstract
The United Arab Emirates has established a distinguished economic and social model characterized by its ability to keep pace with rapid technological and digital transformations, as well as its continuous expansion in investment and development activities. Despite this progress, the UAE remains vulnerable to fluctuations resulting from global economic crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic, which had a substantial impact on financial markets, liquidity levels, and capital mobility.
This study examines the structural characteristics of the UAE economy and its development policies through key macroeconomic indicators, namely gross domestic product (GDP), the inflation rate, and the public debt ratio. It then analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the UAE banking system by focusing on Emirates NBD Bank and First Abu Dhabi Bank, based on selected financial indicators, including net profit, return on assets (ROA), and return on equity (ROE).
Among the most important conclusions reached by the study is that the COVID-19 crisis revealed the resilience and efficiency of the UAE banking sector in dealing with the pandemic and achieving an early recovery. This resilience contributed to financial stability and superior profitability for both banks. However, the pace and nature of recovery differed between the two institutions. Emirates NBD Bank achieved the highest levels of profitability and return on assets, while First Abu Dhabi Bank maintained steady growth, reflecting the adoption of a long-term risk management strategy. This diversity in banks’ policies contributes to the creation of a balanced banking system capable of effectively coping with crisis.
As for the key recommendations, the study emphasizes the need to strengthen the role of the banking sector in raising public awareness, as well as monitoring the damages suffered by customers in the aftermath of crises, giving due consideration to their interests, and ensuring the protection of their rights through a comprehensive set of regulatory and supportive measures.
Abstract
The research aims to test a hypotheses explaining the behavior of commercial banks towards government borrowing in the Iraqi economy on the one hand and the effect of internal government borrowing on bank credit. government borrowing on bank credit. The lazy bank hypothesis is one of the explanations for banking behavior, it believe a continuous increase in government borrowing from commercial banks can create a risk that leads banks to reduce their lending to the risky private sector compared to granting loans to the public (government) sector and thus eliminates their incentives to search for new profitable opportunities To invest in the private sector.
The effect of crowding out means that the rise in government sector spending leads to a decrease in private spending or sometimes even cancellation. The main reason for crowding out is to reduce the government deficit if the government borrows from the market to fill this deficit so the demand for investment in the market increases and the value of money in the market increases automatically And the interest rate increases. Using a method of Co-integration and a Error Correction Model to measure the relationship between internal government borrowing and credit in a short and long term for the period Jan. 2006-May 2020 monthly data . the results of the econometric model supported this hypothesis, which reflects negatively on the size and effectiveness of the private sector and its role in the Iraqi economy
Abstract
Gold is a rare, limited, and highly liquid asset. However, it is a luxury commodity and therefore can be considered an investment opportunity. It is readily available and does not carry significant risks to its users. Furthermore, there are no associated credit risks. Given these characteristics, it is a highly significant asset and plays a fundamental role in investment portfolios. These characteristics increase investors' interest in including gold in their portfolios, especially during times of financial crises. If an investor decides to include gold in their investment portfolio, it is essential to evaluate the proportion of gold in the portfolio, taking into account risk, return, and diversification. This study attempts to test and prove the hypothesis: Does gold provide good diversification for an investment portfolio? Is gold an important asset in an investment portfolio? Do investment portfolios that include precious metals such as gold show a better performance rate than portfolios that do not contain them? In addition, the research focuses on building an optimal investment portfolio of stocks, an investment portfolio of gold and stocks, an investment portfolio of stocks and cryptocurrencies, an investment portfolio of cryptocurrencies and gold, and an investment portfolio of stocks, cryptocurrencies, and gold. The current research is the first Iraqi, Arab, and international research that includes gold in portfolios of stocks, currencies, and cryptocurrencies simultaneously. The research sample consisted of (21 stocks) listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, and (21) global cryptocurrencies for the period from (January 2017 - September 2023). The research concluded that including gold in stock portfolios clearly improves their performance.