Search Results for public-budget
Abstract
The research aims to analyze the content of the theoretical relationship between fiscal policy and the public budget deficit by defining the concept, types and tools of fiscal policy on the one hand, and the concept and types of public budget deficit and methods of financing it on the other hand, as well as building a measurement model to study and analyze the effectiveness of these tools in financing public budget deficits for selected advanced countries during the period (2002-2019), and through the use of modern economic measurement tools within the software (Stata 14.2 & EViews 12) and using the (Panel Data) data collection method, a (CD-Test) test for cross-sections was conducted as an initial step to determine the tests that will be used In order to find out the static of the variables and whether they fall within the tests of the first or second generation, and after making sure that there is no reliability between the cross-sections, the Levin, Lin and Chu (LLC) test was used, If its results showed that some variables have a unit root, that is, some variables are stationary in the level and others are stationary in the first difference, and accordingly, this will lead us to include these variables in the model, and we will have a dynamic model, and in this case we will deal with the models of temporal slowdown and the best example On that, it is the auto-regressive distributed lag model for dynamic panel data model (Dynamic Panel ARDL Model) and with its three estimators, which are the mean group estimator (MGE), pooled mean group estimator (PMGE) and the dynamic fixed effects estimator (DFEE). The Husman Test has been used. In order to differentiate between the three capabilities; The test showed that the combined group mean estimator (PMGE) is the best. The Husman Test was used to compare the three estimators; The test showed that the pooled group mean estimator (PMGE) is the best.
Abstract
This research deals with the complex relationship between fiscal policy tools and exchange rate policy in Iraq. Where the exchange rate is one of the important economic indicators that reflect the state of economic stability of the state, and is greatly affected by changes in fiscal policy, especially in light of excessive dependence on oil revenues and fluctuations in global prices, hence the problem of the study stems from the challenges faced by the Iraqi economy due to its great dependence on oil revenues, which leads to fluctuations in the exchange rate The study seeks to answer how different fiscal policy tools affect exchange rate policy. The study found that public revenues, which rely heavily on oil, play a crucial role in stabilizing the exchange rate. Public spending, whether current or investment, also affects the value of the local currency, as the rise in current spending can lead to inflationary pressures, which increases exchange rate fluctuations, and the impact of both the public budget and public debt on exchange rate policy, as it appears that the fiscal deficit and high public debt can lead to Pressure on the local currency. The study emphasizes the importance of economic diversification and increasing non-oil revenues to ensure the stability of the exchange rate.
Abstract
The research aims to measure the impact of public budget indicators and institutional quality (the quality of governing institutions in the economy) in reducing public debt for a selected group of Arab countries with renter economies for the period (2002-2023). Two standard models have been built to achieve this goal: The first model focused on measuring the impact of the general budget through its basic indicators represented by public spending and public revenues expressed in tax revenues, with the introduction of the oil price variable as a control variable due to its fundamental importance in explaining the dynamics of public debt in oil economies. The second model focused on measuring the impact of the six institutional quality indicators issued by the World Bank (control of corruption, political stability, government effectiveness, rule of law, voice and issue, and regulatory quality) on public debt. Using static analysis of longitudinal data models represented by its three models (pooled regression model, fixed effects model, and random effects model) for eight Arab oil countries, the research reached a set of results: For general budget indicators, the results showed that reducing public spending can contribute to reducing public debt, while there was no significant effect of oil revenues. While for oil prices, they had an impact in reducing public debt. As for institutional quality indicators, the results showed the impact of (political stability, government effectiveness, voice and issue) on reducing public debt, while the results showed that (control of corruption, rule of law, and regulatory quality) contribute to the accumulation of public debt. Therefore, the results of this research confirm the importance of the financial budget and institutional quality in reducing public debt and its sustainability in the long run.
Abstract
In many economic relations, there are correlations between variables that affect each other, including the reciprocal relationship between the budget deficit and exchange rate fluctuations, especially in developing countries, including Iraq, which suffer from problems in the general budget that may be chronic, and this deficit is caused by continuing In increasing public expenditures in exchange for a decrease in public revenues, especially that the Iraqi economy is almost completely dependent on the oil sector, And due to the fluctuation of oil prices and its impact on the volume of imports, which negatively affected the state’s general budget, the study included three main sections. The first topic represents the theoretical framework of the exchange rate and the public budget deficit, and the second topic is the relationship between the exchange rate and the general budget deficit in Iraq for the period (1990-2019). While the third topic dealt with the standard analysis of the relationship between the two variables mentioned above, the study concluded that there is a one-way causal relationship between the two variables of the model, where the exchange rate is due to a deficit in the public budget in the long term
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the relationship between fiscal policy and poverty rates in Iraq during the period 2018–2023 by examining the structure of the public budget, including revenue and expenditure distribution (both operational and investment). The findings indicate that the rise in oil revenues did not effectively contribute to poverty reduction due to weak redistribution policies and reliance on temporary solutions such as public employment and the ration card system. Official poverty indicators based on socio-economic surveys reveal significant regional disparities, underscoring the limited impact of government measures. The study concludes that the lack of economic diversification and the dominance of a rentier structure have exacerbated poverty and recommends the implementation of more inclusive and sustainable development policies to address its root causes.
Abstract
The general budget is described as the main driver for drawing up the economic policy in the country, and the optimal exploitation of the revenues obtained by the state is the best way to achieve economic balance. The achievement of economic balance for any country is closely linked to the type of resources that the government relies on to achieve economic growth, to achieve stability and prosperity for its people. Most of the Middle Eastern (developing) countries, including Iraq, depend on their economy on natural resources, which are known as (what nature provides of things that humans use in their economic activity to satisfy their needs, which were formed as a result of chemical reactions in which humans had no role in forming them, such as oil, gas and coal.
Abstract
This study examined the impact of a rentier economy on the independence of monetary policy in Iraq after 2004, considering Iraq as a rentier state that relies heavily on oil revenues. The study included an analysis of the relationship between the rentier economy and monetary policy, as well as the effects of the rentier economy on the independence of monetary policy. It found that dependence on oil to finance public expenditures leads to a reduction in monetary policy independence.
The results showed that the rentier economy has a significant impact on the independence of monetary policy in Iraq, and that there is a pressing need to diversify the economy and reduce reliance on oil in order to mitigate the risks arising from fluctuations in oil prices, which affect state revenues. Consequently, when the government faces a deficit, it compels the central bank to adopt an expansionary monetary policy to finance this deficit, which in turn undermines monetary policy independence.
The study reached a number of conclusions and recommendations that the researcher believes are aimed at strengthening the independence of monetary policy in rentier states.