Search Results for non-oil-revenues

Abstract

The rentier orientation of fiscal policy in Iraq after 2003 has led to an over-reliance on oil revenues and a neglect of the productive, operational, and financial role of non-oil sectors. This underscores the need to adopt a fiscal reform policy aimed at boosting non-oil revenues by focusing on the productive, operational, and financial role of the non-oil sector as a means to reduce unemployment, deprivation, and poverty rates. • This research is based on the premise that fiscal policy measures in Iraq have failed to achieve the necessary fiscal reforms to support the productive, operational, and financial role of non-oil productive activities. This has led to increased unemployment rates and, consequently, higher rates of multidimensional poverty. The research employs a deductive and descriptive-analytical approach. • The study recommends adopting fiscal reforms that diversify revenues by increasing non-oil revenues. This would broaden options, increase job opportunities, reduce unemployment and poverty rates, ensure access to employment for vulnerable groups, enhance the equitable distribution of income sources, and reduce poverty in its various dimensions in Iraq

Abstract

Iraq is considered one of the countries most dependent on oil to cover government expenditures and external payments, as it is a rentier economy, lacks a diverse production base, and is unable to develop its revenue sources to achieve comprehensive economic development. In order to lift Iraq out of this deficit and achieve economic diversification and economic growth, it is necessary to expand the capacity to produce and export crude oil, in line with achieving well-being and prosperity. Economic. The growing reliance on this resource has made the Iraqi economy constantly vulnerable to price fluctuations in global oil markets. Hence, the research aimed to analyze the importance of crude oil revenues in supporting Iraqi economic growth for the period (2010-2024). And how it is affected by a number of Influencing factors, oil prices in the international market, and their impact on Iraqi economic activity. One of the most prominent conclusions reached by the researcher is that oil exports play a very important role in increasing the rates of economic development by supporting other economic sectors. The importance of oil lies in its provision of financial savings that are essential for financing economic and social development programmers.

Abstract

This research deals with the complex relationship between fiscal policy tools and exchange rate policy in Iraq. Where the exchange rate is one of the important economic indicators that reflect the state of economic stability of the state, and is greatly affected by changes in fiscal policy, especially in light of excessive dependence on oil revenues and fluctuations in global prices, hence the problem of the study stems from the challenges faced by the Iraqi economy due to its great dependence on oil revenues, which leads to fluctuations in the exchange rate The study seeks to answer how different fiscal policy tools affect exchange rate policy. The study found that public revenues, which rely heavily on oil, play a crucial role in stabilizing the exchange rate. Public spending, whether current or investment, also affects the value of the local currency, as the rise in current spending can lead to inflationary pressures, which increases exchange rate fluctuations, and the impact of both the public budget and public debt on exchange rate policy, as it appears that the fiscal deficit and high public debt can lead to Pressure on the local currency. The study emphasizes the importance of economic diversification and increasing non-oil revenues to ensure the stability of the exchange rate.

Abstract

The research aims to clarify and define sovereign wealth funds and their importance in preserving oil wealth revenues for the future while ensuring their equitable distribution for the future of future generations, as well as proposing an objective vision or drawing an integrated picture of the possibility of creating a sovereign fund for Iraq by preparing the general structure of the fund with the creation mechanism for that All of the justifications for the creation of an Iraqi sovereign fund and its importance and the objectives of the Iraqi sovereign fund were mentioned, as well as the possibilities of employing sovereign wealth funds in managing the financial crisis in Iraq. Economic represented by restructuring public spending in favor of investment spending, activating the role of non-oil revenues in financing the budget and addressing corruption, which is a structural factor that must be addressed.

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the economic imbalances caused by local factors related to the nature of overall activity. These imbalances can be commodity-based, stemming from imbalances in aggregate supply and demand; financial, from imbalances in the general budget; or monetary, from imbalances between the supply and demand for money. Within this research framework, we can focus on the occurrence of these imbalances and their impact on deepening poverty, especially given that the Iraqi economy suffers from a set of structural imbalances: a rentier economy and dependence on crude oil, coupled with a clear weakness in the contribution of other productive sectors such as agriculture and industry. This has led to weak economic diversification and income inequality. The research is based on the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between structural imbalances and high poverty rates in Iraq. To test this hypothesis, the descriptive and analytical methods were used, examining economic sectors and analyzing the evolution of poverty rates. The research concluded that dependence on a rentier economy, the inefficiency of fiscal policies and income redistribution, as well as developmental disparities between governorates, have all contributed to deepening poverty and fluctuating its rates. The results also showed that improvements in poverty levels were temporary and dependent on... The increase in oil revenues is a direct result of economic policies, and based on this, the research recommends diversifying income sources, strengthening the role of productive sectors, and improving the efficiency of economic and social policies to reduce structural imbalances and decrease poverty rates in Iraq.

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the relationship between fiscal policy and poverty rates in Iraq during the period 2018–2023 by examining the structure of the public budget, including revenue and expenditure distribution (both operational and investment). The findings indicate that the rise in oil revenues did not effectively contribute to poverty reduction due to weak redistribution policies and reliance on temporary solutions such as public employment and the ration card system. Official poverty indicators based on socio-economic surveys reveal significant regional disparities, underscoring the limited impact of government measures. The study concludes that the lack of economic diversification and the dominance of a rentier structure have exacerbated poverty and recommends the implementation of more inclusive and sustainable development policies to address its root causes.

Abstract

This study examined the impact of a rentier economy on the independence of monetary policy in Iraq after 2004, considering Iraq as a rentier state that relies heavily on oil revenues. The study included an analysis of the relationship between the rentier economy and monetary policy, as well as the effects of the rentier economy on the independence of monetary policy. It found that dependence on oil to finance public expenditures leads to a reduction in monetary policy independence.

The results showed that the rentier economy has a significant impact on the independence of monetary policy in Iraq, and that there is a pressing need to diversify the economy and reduce reliance on oil in order to mitigate the risks arising from fluctuations in oil prices, which affect state revenues. Consequently, when the government faces a deficit, it compels the central bank to adopt an expansionary monetary policy to finance this deficit, which in turn undermines monetary policy independence.

The study reached a number of conclusions and recommendations that the researcher believes are aimed at strengthening the independence of monetary policy in rentier states.

Abstract

The Iraqi economy relies entirely on oil revenues to meet its needs and plans, highlighting the precariousness of the situation should global oil prices decline for political and economic reasons. Given that oil is a finite resource, it is imperative to pursue economic diversification and leverage all economic sectors as the cornerstone and driving force for building a robust economy and achieving comprehensive development. This necessitates good governance in implementing economic reform programs and exploring strategic alternatives to achieve economic growth. The Iraqi economy possesses alternatives and opportunities for economic diversification and various sources of income. However, it has not fully utilized its diverse natural and agricultural resources, which are crucial for supporting economic growth. Development is not merely about frameworks, institutions, and aspirations; it requires political, economic, social, and cultural prerequisites that must be organized and updated in a gradual and practical manner. It also necessitates addressing internal and external challenges that interact with evolving societal changes. This requires awareness and determination to achieve the desired goals through investment spending, increased productivity, and ultimately, a higher gross national product.

Abstract

Given the growing public debt burden and the volatility of global oil prices — the primary source of budget revenues — this study examines the economic impact of public debt on sustainable development in Iraq from 1990 to 2022. Using modern econometric models and quarterly time series data, the research analyzes the relationship between domestic and external public debt, economic growth, and sustainable development.

The study aims to identify the short- and long-term effects of public debt on growth and sustainability and clarify how oil price volatility affects this relationship. The results indicate that domestic debt has a less negative impact than external debt. While external debt supports expenditures in the short term, it increases long-term risks due to repayment obligations. The results also indicate weak links between high debt and sustainable development outcomes, reflecting the inefficient use of borrowed resources. Heavy reliance on oil revenues exacerbates the economy's vulnerability to external shocks. The study concluded with a set of recommendations: adopt wise debt management strategies; direct borrowing toward productive and developmental sectors; enhance transparency and institutional efficiency; diversify the economy to reduce dependence on oil; and cooperate with international financial institutions to design debt sustainability policies consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals.

Abstract

The research aims to measure the impact of public budget indicators and institutional quality (the quality of governing institutions in the economy) in reducing public debt for a selected group of Arab countries with renter economies for the period (2002-2023). Two standard models have been built to achieve this goal: The first model focused on measuring the impact of the general budget through its basic indicators represented by public spending and public revenues expressed in tax revenues, with the introduction of the oil price variable as a control variable due to its fundamental importance in explaining the dynamics of public debt in oil economies. The second model focused on measuring the impact of the six institutional quality indicators issued by the World Bank (control of corruption, political stability, government effectiveness, rule of law, voice and issue, and regulatory quality) on public debt. Using static analysis of longitudinal data models represented by its three models (pooled regression model, fixed effects model, and random effects model) for eight Arab oil countries, the research reached a set of results: For general budget indicators, the results showed that reducing public spending can contribute to reducing public debt, while there was no significant effect of oil revenues. While for oil prices, they had an impact in reducing public debt. As for institutional quality indicators, the results showed the impact of (political stability, government effectiveness, voice and issue) on reducing public debt, while the results showed that (control of corruption, rule of law, and regulatory quality) contribute to the accumulation of public debt. Therefore, the results of this research confirm the importance of the financial budget and institutional quality in reducing public debt and its sustainability in the long run.

Abstract

Sovereign wealth funds are among the most important financial instruments used by rentier economies to manage financial surpluses generated from the exploitation of natural resources, particularly oil, with the aim of achieving macroeconomic stability and enhancing long-term financial sustainability. The importance of these funds is particularly pronounced in economies characterized by a high degree of dependence on oil revenues, given the cyclical fluctuations these revenues are subject to due to changes in global oil prices. This research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of sovereign wealth fund models in a number of rentier economies. This research also aims to analyze the current state of oil surplus management in Iraq and assess the challenges facing the effective utilization of these surpluses within an institutional and investment framework. The research employs a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach, analyzing leading international experiences in sovereign wealth fund management and evaluating their potential application in developing a suitable model for the Iraqi economy. Furthermore, the research analyzes the relationship between oil surplus management and economic stability, considering potential future scenarios for global oil markets.

Abstract

The importance of the subject in estimating the impact of sudden oil shocks over decades since the early seventies of the twentieth century until now was the motive in choosing it, and naturally when oil prices are low, this will be reflected in the government's financial decisions. The research problem revolves around dependence on oil revenues mainly and the weakness of other sectors such as agriculture in financing the government budget in Saudi Arabia, which raises the following question: It is to what extent these countries can absorb those oil shocks and contain them through an appropriate fiscal policy. The research relied on the hypothesis that tracking the paths of oil shocks had clear repercussions in government budget decisions, which prompted Saudi Arabia to follow appropriate financial methods and means to contain the government budget deficit. One of the main objectives of the research is to show the risks of oil shocks on financial conditions in creating surpluses or deficits in these financial conditions for government budgets, and the research relied on the analytical method to prove its hypothesis to show the trends of these shocks. The research reached a number of results, including that oil is and is still one of the most important drivers of political and economic developments, and many believe that it is the determinant of these developments. Accordingly, the research recommended: to work on diversifying the Saudi economy in order to move from a rentier economy to an economy with strong pillars based on the development of service, agricultural, industrial and production sectors, in order to reduce the severity of negative oil shocks on the Saudi economy, and the need to choose appropriate methods for investment Correct oil revenue.

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of domestic crude oil refining in Iraq and to assess its role in maximizing value added to the national economy compared with the option of directly exporting crude oil. The study adopts an applied quantitative analytical approach, based on official data issued by the Iraqi Ministry of Oil and the Central Statistical Organization, in addition to reports from global oil markets during the period ،(2020–2025).The results show that domestic refining generates an average economic value added of approximately USD 33 per barrel, representing an increase of about 42.3% compared with direct crude oil exports, in addition to achieving a positive net present value and an internal rate of return of 18.7%. Domestic refining also contributes to the creation of direct and indirect employment opportunities and supports petrochemical industries. The study concludes that expanding refining capacity and improving refinery efficiency constitute a strategic economic option for maximizing oil revenues and achieving sustainable economic development in Iraq.