Search Results for imbalance

Abstract

This research seeks to address by analyzing the symmetrical imbalances between the economy and the status of the current account and what is implied by the significance of the relative importance of the current account in the balance of payments on the one hand within the framework of the internal / external overlap of developing economies in general and  Iraq , as a case study  to examine the extent of the reflection of the local economic structure on the characteristics of the current account

There are types of imbalances in the balance of payments related to the structural characteristics of the economy i, meaning that they represent a reflection of the imbalance in its production structures, and this imbalance, namely, in the current account takes a directional turn over a long time period related to the process of economic development and its success or failure in achieving the required structural changes

The research concluded that its hypothesis is correct as far as it is concerned with Iraq and that there is a symmetry between the internal/external structural imbalance that has deteriorated in the current account, especially the trade balance, and this imbalance has taken a hidden form as a surplus in the case of the rentier economy.  It concluded that economic administration has no choice but to restructure the Iraqi economy in favor of other production sectors, as well as financing and rehabilitating infrastructure projects, in addition to striving to attract foreign investment and working to expand production capacities and reduce dependence on oil as a main source of national income.

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the economic imbalances caused by local factors related to the nature of overall activity. These imbalances can be commodity-based, stemming from imbalances in aggregate supply and demand; financial, from imbalances in the general budget; or monetary, from imbalances between the supply and demand for money. Within this research framework, we can focus on the occurrence of these imbalances and their impact on deepening poverty, especially given that the Iraqi economy suffers from a set of structural imbalances: a rentier economy and dependence on crude oil, coupled with a clear weakness in the contribution of other productive sectors such as agriculture and industry. This has led to weak economic diversification and income inequality. The research is based on the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between structural imbalances and high poverty rates in Iraq. To test this hypothesis, the descriptive and analytical methods were used, examining economic sectors and analyzing the evolution of poverty rates. The research concluded that dependence on a rentier economy, the inefficiency of fiscal policies and income redistribution, as well as developmental disparities between governorates, have all contributed to deepening poverty and fluctuating its rates. The results also showed that improvements in poverty levels were temporary and dependent on... The increase in oil revenues is a direct result of economic policies, and based on this, the research recommends diversifying income sources, strengthening the role of productive sectors, and improving the efficiency of economic and social policies to reduce structural imbalances and decrease poverty rates in Iraq.

Abstract

Depleted resources have an important role in achieving sustainable development, by pushing the production process and achieving stability, growth and economic development in both the economic and social fields, but they affect the environment in varying proportions, as they represent the greatest danger in polluting the environment and its surroundings, especially oil and coal. This is what made the need to search for alternative sources and resources to achieve sustainable development, the preoccupation of many countries that depend on one resource, and the best example of this is Iraq and Algeria,Which depleted resources represent approximately 98%  of its income resulting from the export of hydrocarbons, and the importance of this research comes from studying that depleted natural resources because of their great and distinguished role in economic growth and thus on sustainable economic development, by exploiting these resources and investing their returns through The way to support the productive sectors for the current generations to benefit from and to ensure the future of subsequent generations. The research started from a problem that is, is it possible to rely on depleted resources in achieving sustainable development,Is there a relationship between the size of those resources and the degree of achieving sustainable development, and the goal of this research stems from analyzing and measuring the relationship between depleted resources and indicators of sustainable development, and thus providing proposed solutions to address the imbalance between these variables in the Iraqi economy, as well as providing suggestions or recommendations in order to overcome obstacles that obstruct the process of sustainable development and address the problems of the economy, including the Iraqi economy

It also stems from the premise that it is not possible to rely on the revenues of depleted resources in achieving sustainable development in the Iraqi economy unless a large set of conditions and economic, institutional and societal reforms are available, in order to arrive at identifying the problem of the study, analyzing it and developing appropriate solutions to it. And standard, as well as analyzing the standard relationship to show the impact of depleted resources revenues on sustainable development indicators, and the use of various data and information necessary to reach the results of the study (research)The study concluded that the rational exploitation and management of  delectable resources in the service of development is one of the most important criteria associated with achieving sustainable development, especially with regard to  protecting the atmosphere from sources of pollution resulting from the use of energy in economic and social activities, especially in the transport and industry sector. The environment and development the emergence of sustainable development, which aims to pay attention to the interrelationship between man and his natural surroundings, and between society and its development. and limitations and obstacles encountered Unbalanced development has also led to the emergence of environmental problems in various fields, such as the increase in pollution and its impact on the quality of life, and the irrational exploitation of natural resources, including those that are depletable.

Abstract

        The research aims to test the financial equilibrium in the Iraqi commercial banks, by utilizing a sample of (9) commercial banks listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange, for the period (2004-2019). Four financial indicators have been chosen, to measure the financial equilibrium are (liquidity index, profitability index, index financial flexibility, solvency index), and the descriptive and analytical approach was used for the data and information contained in the reports and statements of the research sample banks. Moreover, (Excel-2010) and (SPSS.V.22), to test the hypothesis and answer the question related to the problem of the study and reaching the goals, and as the research reached a set of results. the main finding of this study do not suffer from a financial imbalance resulting from weakness in its four dimensions. Furthermore, this research recommend that, the banks should evaluates its financial performance on an ongoing basis, using indicators of financial equilibrium for its importance in the strength of The financial position of any company with financial activity.

Abstract

The study aimed to identify the impact of financial policy tools in achieving economic growth and to show the most important causes and factors of imbalances in the performance of financial policies in Sudan. The problem of the study was mainly represented in the financial imbalance represented by the deficit in the general budget resulting from the huge difference between public revenues and public expenditures, in addition to the ineffectiveness of financial policy tools, which led to an excessive expansion in printing more new money, and this led to a rise in the general level of prices (inflation), which was reflected in the slowdown in economic growth rates, The importance of the study stems from the urgent and pressing need to research this modern topic and the fact that its results and recommendations are of benefit to researchers, academics and decision-makers, The study followed the descriptive analytical approach, the historical approach, the inductive approach, and the statistical approach, The study came out with a number of results, the most important of which are: The results of estimating the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model in the long run showed the existence of statistically significant relationships between GDP growth and each of taxes, public spending, and public debt. It became clear that both public revenues (taxes) and public spending have significant and positive effects on economic growth in the long run, The study presented a number of recommendations, including: the necessity of enhancing the growth of the gross domestic product and making it high and sustainable by increasing production and productivity of the economic sectors (agricultural, industrial, service) Expanding and diversifying the tax base to increase public revenues, meet the increase in public spending, and control and rationalize government spending so as not to create a large deficit in the general budget Public debt management is being pursued in two parallel directions: the first is to find optimal ways to repay the debt, while not resorting to indebtedness except when absolutely necessary, and the second is to reach the point of completion in accordance with the HIPC initiative.

Abstract

Through this research, the aim is to answer a number of questions that accompany the research problem of defining the concept of water security, as well as to show the extent of the effects of water security on sustainable agricultural development in Iraq for the period (2004-2022), as well as identifying water security challenges, as well as identifying alternatives to water security supplies to create sustainable agricultural development in Iraq, given the information available today.

In this research, the researcher relied on the extrapolation process mainly, which is based on observing the effects of water security on sustainable agricultural development in Iraq for the period (2004-2022), and then there may be another scientific approach that we will resort to in the course of our treatment of the issue, which is the analytical method while following some standard procedures to understand the nature of the data and variables that affect the crisis.

Among the most prominent results of the research: German revenues received to Iraq fluctuated from the year (2004-2022), falling below (30 billion m3) in dry years, as the results showed that agricultural activity ranked first in the process of consumption of German resources, which affects and is affected by water security, at the same time, the contribution of this activity to the pollution of surface waters due to the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and the various solid and liquid agricultural waste poses on the German Environment, and then sustainable agricultural development is significantly affected by its agricultural results, and the results surface degradation of its quality as a result of storage and causes contaminated water discharged from In general, the water crisis in Iraq was not largely a problem of shortage or scarcity of available resources, nor accelerated population growth or a deficit in financial capabilities, but it is primarily a matter of failure and imbalance in agricultural policies and misuse of the human factor of the available resources in the region with the absence of political will and seriousness in action, and we have noted through this research that food production and achieving an increase in it is dependent on Water Resources, which is a determining factor in achieving both sustainable agricultural development and water security, and that the use of Water Resources in the Iraqi agricultural sector may also To some extent, it failed to rid the state budget of import restrictions and burdens, as access to food for the Iraqi citizen is still dependent on what the West ships, especially with regard to strategic foods such as cereals, which means poor efficiency of use of Water Resources in sustainable agricultural development.

The study recommended: In the absence of water security policies and strategies that regulate the management of the water sector, it is imperative to develop policies and action programs for the integrated management of water resources, as well as protecting water sources from pollution, which requires the activation of laws and legislations for water conservation and the construction of sewage and industrial water treatment plants to ensure the protection of German resources, as well as expanding the use of modern irrigation techniques such as spray and drip irrigation, redirecting water paths and distribution channels, lining irrigation channels and using pipes and automatic control gates to transport and distribute water, as well as Therefore, it is important to study and address this issue through the development of a comprehensive drought strategy in the long term in coordination with local, national and regional levels, and finally the development of national and regional plans to rationalize water uses, including the search for new resources and the study of the economics of their use and protection.

Abstract

The aim of the research is to review the relationship between industry and structural change in the Iraqi economy after 2003, which is marred by deviation,This required relying on the deductive approach and using the descriptive theoretical and analytical method for the purpose of verifying the validity of the hypothesis.
The research concluded that the role of industry is weak in bringing about change in the productive structure of the Iraqi economy during the research period and The reason for this is due to the imbalance in the production structure due to the limited contribution of the productive sectors in contrast to the dominance of the oil sector over its contribution to the output.
Accordingly, we see the necessity of adopting an unbalanced growth strategy by making the industrial sector the leader for development in order to increase its share in the output to initiate the change of the productive structure and the development of the local economy.