Search Results for fiscal-policy
Abstract
This research provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of fiscal policy on achieving inclusive growth in both Algeria and Saudi Arabia during the period 2004-2024. It focuses on key fiscal policy instruments such as public spending, public revenues, and the sectoral distribution of GDP, aiming to identify successful fiscal measures and explore their potential application in developing Iraq's economic experience. The research employs a comparative analysis methodology, examining the financial and economic performance of both countries and comparing it to the Iraqi economic reality based on long-term official data. The analysis emphasizes the relationship between fiscal expansion, diversification of the production base, and improvements in social indicators. The results indicate that Saudi Arabia achieved greater progress in achieving inclusive growth based on diversifying the production base and expanding financial inclusion, while Algeria focused on the social dimension of its fiscal policy, leading to improved income distribution and reduced poverty, but with limited economic diversification. The study concludes by presenting an Iraq within the framework of an integrated financial and developmental reform that takes into account justice, efficiency and sustainability.
Abstract
This research deals with the complex relationship between fiscal policy tools and exchange rate policy in Iraq. Where the exchange rate is one of the important economic indicators that reflect the state of economic stability of the state, and is greatly affected by changes in fiscal policy, especially in light of excessive dependence on oil revenues and fluctuations in global prices, hence the problem of the study stems from the challenges faced by the Iraqi economy due to its great dependence on oil revenues, which leads to fluctuations in the exchange rate The study seeks to answer how different fiscal policy tools affect exchange rate policy. The study found that public revenues, which rely heavily on oil, play a crucial role in stabilizing the exchange rate. Public spending, whether current or investment, also affects the value of the local currency, as the rise in current spending can lead to inflationary pressures, which increases exchange rate fluctuations, and the impact of both the public budget and public debt on exchange rate policy, as it appears that the fiscal deficit and high public debt can lead to Pressure on the local currency. The study emphasizes the importance of economic diversification and increasing non-oil revenues to ensure the stability of the exchange rate.
Abstract
The problem of the study stems from the fact that the relationship, whether effect or causation, is not fixed between fiscal policy and economic performance variables, including economic growth and unemployment, as it differs from one country to another, and from time to another time depending on the nature of the economies under study, The study aims to verify empirically about the impact of fiscal policy tools on economic growth and unemployment with determining the direction of the causal relationship of these variables in Jordan for the period (1990-2021). The study used models (Cointegration) for the long-term relationship and vector error correction models (VECM) for the short-term relationship and (Granger) test for the causal relationship. the study concluded that the effect of government consumption spending is negative on economic growth and unemployment, and there is no effect of government investment spending on either economic growth or unemployment, with a causal relationship from government spending, especially consumption, to both economic growth and unemployment, as it found That taxes have a positive effect on economic growth and do not affect unemployment with a causal relationship from taxes to economic growth and unemployment, while the causal relationship was from taxes on income to economic growth and from customs taxes and foreign trade to unemployment, while the causal trend was from economic growth to taxes customs duties and to taxes on foreign trade, these results support the neoclassical point of view in terms of the relationship of influence and support Keynesian law at the expense of Wagner's law regarding causation. As for public debt, its impact was negative on economic growth and positive on unemployment, and the direction of the causal relationship was from debt to economic growth only.
Abstract
The research aims to analyze the content of the theoretical relationship between fiscal policy and the public budget deficit by defining the concept, types and tools of fiscal policy on the one hand, and the concept and types of public budget deficit and methods of financing it on the other hand, as well as building a measurement model to study and analyze the effectiveness of these tools in financing public budget deficits for selected advanced countries during the period (2002-2019), and through the use of modern economic measurement tools within the software (Stata 14.2 & EViews 12) and using the (Panel Data) data collection method, a (CD-Test) test for cross-sections was conducted as an initial step to determine the tests that will be used In order to find out the static of the variables and whether they fall within the tests of the first or second generation, and after making sure that there is no reliability between the cross-sections, the Levin, Lin and Chu (LLC) test was used, If its results showed that some variables have a unit root, that is, some variables are stationary in the level and others are stationary in the first difference, and accordingly, this will lead us to include these variables in the model, and we will have a dynamic model, and in this case we will deal with the models of temporal slowdown and the best example On that, it is the auto-regressive distributed lag model for dynamic panel data model (Dynamic Panel ARDL Model) and with its three estimators, which are the mean group estimator (MGE), pooled mean group estimator (PMGE) and the dynamic fixed effects estimator (DFEE). The Husman Test has been used. In order to differentiate between the three capabilities; The test showed that the combined group mean estimator (PMGE) is the best. The Husman Test was used to compare the three estimators; The test showed that the pooled group mean estimator (PMGE) is the best.
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the relationship between fiscal policy and poverty rates in Iraq during the period 2018–2023 by examining the structure of the public budget, including revenue and expenditure distribution (both operational and investment). The findings indicate that the rise in oil revenues did not effectively contribute to poverty reduction due to weak redistribution policies and reliance on temporary solutions such as public employment and the ration card system. Official poverty indicators based on socio-economic surveys reveal significant regional disparities, underscoring the limited impact of government measures. The study concludes that the lack of economic diversification and the dominance of a rentier structure have exacerbated poverty and recommends the implementation of more inclusive and sustainable development policies to address its root causes.
Abstract
The rentier orientation of fiscal policy in Iraq after 2003 has led to an over-reliance on oil revenues and a neglect of the productive, operational, and financial role of non-oil sectors. This underscores the need to adopt a fiscal reform policy aimed at boosting non-oil revenues by focusing on the productive, operational, and financial role of the non-oil sector as a means to reduce unemployment, deprivation, and poverty rates. • This research is based on the premise that fiscal policy measures in Iraq have failed to achieve the necessary fiscal reforms to support the productive, operational, and financial role of non-oil productive activities. This has led to increased unemployment rates and, consequently, higher rates of multidimensional poverty. The research employs a deductive and descriptive-analytical approach. • The study recommends adopting fiscal reforms that diversify revenues by increasing non-oil revenues. This would broaden options, increase job opportunities, reduce unemployment and poverty rates, ensure access to employment for vulnerable groups, enhance the equitable distribution of income sources, and reduce poverty in its various dimensions in Iraq
Abstract
The study aimed to identify the impact of financial policy tools in achieving economic growth and to show the most important causes and factors of imbalances in the performance of financial policies in Sudan. The problem of the study was mainly represented in the financial imbalance represented by the deficit in the general budget resulting from the huge difference between public revenues and public expenditures, in addition to the ineffectiveness of financial policy tools, which led to an excessive expansion in printing more new money, and this led to a rise in the general level of prices (inflation), which was reflected in the slowdown in economic growth rates, The importance of the study stems from the urgent and pressing need to research this modern topic and the fact that its results and recommendations are of benefit to researchers, academics and decision-makers, The study followed the descriptive analytical approach, the historical approach, the inductive approach, and the statistical approach, The study came out with a number of results, the most important of which are: The results of estimating the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model in the long run showed the existence of statistically significant relationships between GDP growth and each of taxes, public spending, and public debt. It became clear that both public revenues (taxes) and public spending have significant and positive effects on economic growth in the long run, The study presented a number of recommendations, including: the necessity of enhancing the growth of the gross domestic product and making it high and sustainable by increasing production and productivity of the economic sectors (agricultural, industrial, service) Expanding and diversifying the tax base to increase public revenues, meet the increase in public spending, and control and rationalize government spending so as not to create a large deficit in the general budget Public debt management is being pursued in two parallel directions: the first is to find optimal ways to repay the debt, while not resorting to indebtedness except when absolutely necessary, and the second is to reach the point of completion in accordance with the HIPC initiative.
Abstract
The importance of the subject in estimating the impact of sudden oil shocks over decades since the early seventies of the twentieth century until now was the motive in choosing it, and naturally when oil prices are low, this will be reflected in the government's financial decisions. The research problem revolves around dependence on oil revenues mainly and the weakness of other sectors such as agriculture in financing the government budget in Saudi Arabia, which raises the following question: It is to what extent these countries can absorb those oil shocks and contain them through an appropriate fiscal policy. The research relied on the hypothesis that tracking the paths of oil shocks had clear repercussions in government budget decisions, which prompted Saudi Arabia to follow appropriate financial methods and means to contain the government budget deficit. One of the main objectives of the research is to show the risks of oil shocks on financial conditions in creating surpluses or deficits in these financial conditions for government budgets, and the research relied on the analytical method to prove its hypothesis to show the trends of these shocks. The research reached a number of results, including that oil is and is still one of the most important drivers of political and economic developments, and many believe that it is the determinant of these developments. Accordingly, the research recommended: to work on diversifying the Saudi economy in order to move from a rentier economy to an economy with strong pillars based on the development of service, agricultural, industrial and production sectors, in order to reduce the severity of negative oil shocks on the Saudi economy, and the need to choose appropriate methods for investment Correct oil revenue.