Search Results for economic-unit
Abstract
The problem of research has been reflected in the absence of interest of economic units in information on environmental and social costs needed to measure maintainable performance and in the fact that those economic units simply account for the elements of costs used in the production of products without considering the environmental and social costs in determining the cost of the product for the purpose of addressing this problem, this research is aimed at studying and indicating the impact of environmental and social cost accounting on the sustainable functioning of the economic unit. The nature of the accounting system applied in the economic unit in question is identified as the Ground of Architecture Cement Manufacturing Company, for the purpose of achieving the objectives of research and hypothesis testing, the Land of Architecture Cement Manufacturing Company, located in Misan governorate, has been selected environmental and social costs have not been measured, assessed and revealed as costs distinctly from other costs in the balance sheets, as it has been shown through the applied study that the environmental and social costs of the economic unit in question are hidden among other costs, leading to unsuitable management decisions, and thus negatively affecting the validity of the financial lists and reports of the economic unit. Through the statistical investigation of the questionnaire form, it was found that environmental and social cost accounting had a positive impact on raising the level of production, sales and occupational safety of workers, as well as on the reduction or decrease of environmental risks in the economic unit, as well as its positive impact on the valuation of the maintainable performance of the economic unit in question.
Abstract
The problem of research has been reflected in the absence of interest of economic units in information on environmental and social costs needed to measure maintainable performance and in the fact that those economic units simply account for the elements of costs used in the production of products without considering the environmental and social costs in determining the cost of the product for the purpose of addressing this problem, this research is aimed at studying and indicating the impact of environmental and social cost accounting on the sustainable functioning of the economic unit. The nature of the accounting system applied in the economic unit in question is identified as the Ground of Architecture Cement Manufacturing Company, for the purpose of achieving the objectives of research and hypothesis testing, the Land of Architecture Cement Manufacturing Company, located in Misan governorate, has been selected environmental and social costs have not been measured, assessed and revealed as costs distinctly from other costs in the balance sheets, as it has been shown through the applied study that the environmental and social costs of the economic unit in question are hidden among other costs, leading to unsuitable management decisions, and thus negatively affecting the validity of the financial lists and reports of the economic unit. Through the statistical investigation of the questionnaire form, it was found that environmental and social cost accounting had a positive impact on raising the level of production, sales and occupational safety of workers, as well as on the reduction or decrease of environmental risks in the economic unit, as well as its positive impact on the valuation of the maintainable performance of the economic unit in question.
Abstract
One of the most important issues that an economic unit can face is changing accounting policies in light of the diversity of accounting options and alternatives, The aim of the study is to provide an introductory introduction to accounting policies and the impact of changes in accounting policies in accordance with the International Accounting Standard (IAS-2), Changing accounting policy is one of the most important issues that an economic unit can face, The important factors in improving the quality of accounting information in the financial statements through analyzing the relationship between the application of these policies and their accuracy and reliability, The research is based on an analytical study of the financial statements issued by the General Company for Textile and Leather Industries, The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that since the financial statements prepared by the company, whether based on manual or electronic programs, are not based on accurate information generated through the integrated system, their output does not truly indicate the efficiency and benefits of the company’s operations as a result of the company’s possession of a database, Unified and updated for all data related to the company’s branches, and in particular, with regard to the technical and statistical aspects. As a result of the use of old systems, it has become difficult to quickly and accurately obtain the necessary information as a result of the division and dispersion among the company’s departments, which has made it difficult to review the resulting financial statements, As for the recommendations, the most important of them is the need for all economic units to pay attention to the inventory component because it increases the ability of the economic unit to remain in the market and obtain many revenues for the economic unit
Abstract
The research dealt with the topic of analyzing and measuring the joint costs of petroleum products and showing their impact on profits. The research problem was represented by not relying on modern scientific methods of cost accounting to determine and measure the joint costs of petroleum products, which leads to an increase in the costs of petroleum products and then a decrease in the overall profit. The research aimed to delve into the joint costs and methods of calculating them in the oil sector, and to analyze and measure the joint costs of petroleum products, in addition to stating the impact of the decrease in joint costs on the overall profit. The application was applied to the products of the Dora refinery, and the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are There are four methods for allocating joint costs, but any method we use to allocate joint costs, the researcher believes that the best method is the total value of sales at the point of separation because it is easy to implement as well as it is the best measure of the benefits achieved when compared with other methods of allocating joint costs.
Introduction and importance of Research:
Cost is defined as a sacrifice of the resources of the economic unit in exchange for obtaining a specific purpose (good or service) and since the main objective of cost accounting is to determine the costs of the product in order to be able to price and sell it at a suitable profit, so the importance of research lies in focusing on the costs of the oil sector products and calculating the common costs of those products According to the scientific methods of cost accounting with the aim of accurately determining the cost of those products, reducing them, and then increasing the total profit to achieve the goals of the economic unit efficiently.
Abstract
This study highlights the disclosure of important segmental information in segmental reports, which is an appropriate tool for investors and other stakeholders where information is presented in a segmented manner, allowing for more accurate analysis to make informed decisions. Under IFRS (8) companies must provide segment disclosures Financial instruments that enable investors to evaluate different sources of risk and income as management does. The researchers reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the sectoral reports are a reflection of the internal reports that were submitted to the main decision maker to evaluate performance and allocate resources. The sectoral reports allow reviewing the operations of the economic unit from the same management perspective. Very reliable because it was used in decision-making and this increases the confidence and credibility of users in financial reports. The researchers also concluded that the essential information in each sector must be disclosed accurately and transparently in order to help users understand the performance of the economic unit through its operational sectors, evaluate its performance and allocate resources to it.
Abstract
The role played by the internal audit in any service establishment or profitability is an important focus in the work of that establishment because it is considered the safety valve and controls the extent of the commitment of the economic unit of the instructions in force in its operational and the extent of its commitment to accounting systems and financial reports, which will reflect on the efficiency and effectiveness of those The economic unit in its stand to try to exploit its work in the administrative and financial corruption, which is one of the serious factors that destroy the work of that establishment internally and externally.
In this research, which undermined the role of internal auditing in the process of reducing the administrative and financial corruption in the General Authority for Taxation through the knowledge of the duties assigned to the internal audit and the need to comply with the instructions issued by the General Authority for Taxes because any violation of these instructions may be a door of administrative and financial corruption Which requires that the internal auditor has an important role in standing against any attempt that may be exploited to exercise administrative and financial corruption in his obligation and instructions and to inform the administration of any violation in the tax work .
Abstract
The research aims to shed light on the stages of development of the balanced score card to the sustainable balanced score card. And according to what the sustainable balanced scorecard contains of many non-financial indicators in its three perspectives except for the financial one, so the research aimed to employ the card and identify its indicators, which usually function as a performance evaluation, so that those same indicators are the non-financial information that is disclosed within The integrated report model, which represents the most advanced generation of reporting.
The electronic payment card company Qcard was chosen to implement the proposed research model. As its financial and administrative reports were analyzed, in addition to conducting extensive interviews with the heads of various departments in the company, the sample of the research. The indicators that formed the sustainable balanced scorecard and which later represented the guide for preparing the integrated report form were identified after distributing the indicators that represent non-financial information on the nine components of the integrated report form.
And the most important conclusion was the operation of non-financial information, in addition to financial information, which led to the activation of management accounting tools, facilitating the formulation of the strategy of the economic unit, the implementation of the strategic objectives of the economic unit, and the achievement of sustainability requirements. Its performance from multiple points of view and enabled the management accountant and management to quantify expectations to the nearest degree of accuracy, which leads to correcting the evaluation process and expanding the area of correction options that can be put forward in the strategic performance evaluation process. As for the most important recommendation, it was necessary to unify the efforts of academics and professionals to raise the level of application of management accounting tools in economic units, and to employ those tools in enabling units to achieve sustainability requirements, and the consequent necessity of developing management accountant skills in preparing reports that feed departments with information. Necessary to fulfill these requirements.
Abstract
Stand out the present research study aims at investigating the effect of applying international accounting standards in the public sector for the purpose of arriving at measurement and accounting disclosure of the employees' benefits granting to economic units in the government sector that apply the government accounting system, and to explicate the level of benefit in improving the outputs of the accounting system and its ability to support indicators of transparency and disclosure. In view of the vast development in financial reporting, preparing reports and financial statements with a high level of transparency and disclosure as well as the importance of working individuals being one of the important and essential factors to ensure the proper functioning of work, the continuity of productivity and the efficiency of the economic unit, the government accounting system currently adopted in some public sector directorates is considered insufficient to the requirements of internationally accepted accounting standards in general The importance of the present study has emerged in finding that it is possible to apply IAS 19 employee benefits by adapting the current government accounting system in the Iraqi economic units to the requirements of the standard and getting to know the effect of the application on the information content and outputs of the government accounting system. The General Directorate of Education / Wasit has been chosen a sample for the study in question, The current study has arrived at a number of conclusions as follows:
- The classification of benefits granted to employees and workers according to the government accounting system differs from the classification stated in IAS 19 Employee benefits.
- The quality of financial reports and statements is an important means of disclosure and communication of financial and non-financial information.
. The government accounting system does not provide adequate accounting measurement and disclosure about employee benefits. 3
In view of the findings reached at, the current study recommends the following:
1- Giving due importance to what was stated in the International Accounting Standard regarding the classification of the benefits granted and the adaptation of the government accounting system to those classifications.
2- Enhancing the awareness of management and employees in the economic unit of the importance of preparing financial reports and statements.
3- Working on adapting the government accounting system to keep pace with the requirements of international accounting standards by adding new sub-accounts to the accounting guide and creating a plan for new sub-accounts to the accounting guide and creating a plan for employee benefits.
Abstract
In light of rapid economic changes and the increasing intensity of global competition, economic units seek to achieve excellence and efficiency by improving the management of their resources and reducing costs without affecting the quality of products or services. Rationalizing the allocation of costs is considered one of the modern administrative methods that aims to optimize the use of resources and distribute costs to activities. Strictly proportional to its contribution to creating added value in order to achieve this goal, value chain analysis has become an effective strategic tool that contributes to improving cost allocation and enhancing institutional performance. Value chain analysis, created by Michael Porter, depends on analyzing the main and supporting activities within the economic unit and evaluating them with the aim of identifying activities that contribute to creating value. Reality of the product or service from the customer's point of view, Compared to activities that raise costs without providing a tangible return, this methodology contributes to eliminating unnecessary costs and activities that do not add value, which helps achieve greater efficiency in allocating financial and human resources. Applying value chain analysis helps in restructuring operations in a way that ensures compatibility. Between diverse activities and market needs, This contributes to reducing waste and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. It also contributes to enabling economic units to determine appropriate pricing strategies that reflect actual costs and help enhance profitability margins.
Abstract
The research aims to study and analyze the philosophy behind the technique Time Driven Activity Based Budgeting (TDABB) and its reflection in achieving cost reduction through application in the Kufa Cement Factory of the Iraqi Ministry of Industry.
After studying the reality of the Kufa Cement Factory and applying the technique Time Driven Activity Based Budgeting depending on the data obtained through field visits and personal interviews with officials and workers as well as data extracted from the factory records (the research sample), the research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: There is a significant impact of the technique Time Driven Activity Based Budgeting in achieving objectivity in terms of cost determination, it represents a means that helps manage cost in light of future developments in terms of its ability to track and detect non-value-adding activities for the purpose of canceling/reducing/replacing them. As for the most important recommendations, they were: The importance of cost reports for the various parties in the economic unit, so they should contain appropriate information for making right decisions and developing them in light of future opportunities and challenges through the adoption of technique Time Driven Activity Based Budgeting, as it is more able to reflect the actual consumption of resources by the departments. Productivity.
Abstract
Actuarial accounting is one of the modern administrative concepts that has achieved remarkable success in all fields and various fields that dealt with actuarial science as a main study in its administration, especially insurance companies, as actuarial science aims to develop and increase the performance of insurance companies on an ongoing basis and keep pace with changes and events that occur suddenly or unexpectedly. On the other hand, actuarial accounting seeks to find solutions to the problems facing companies at the present time or to predict future events and the risks surrounding them according to statistical and mathematical analysis, which contributes in one way or another to reducing the financial losses of companies or reducing those risks. In this context, the research set out to study the impact of actuarial accounting in increasing he quality of accounting information in Iraqi insurance companies, which will lead to improving performance, providing better services to shareholders, and managing profits in an optimal manner.
The study was applied in Iraqi insurance companies by selecting a sample consisting of (102) accountants working in those companies to measure the role of actuarial accounting as an independent variable and to increase the quality of accounting information as a dependent variable. The researcher used the questionnaire form as a tool to collect the information necessary to analyze the research variables and demonstrate the impact and correlation using the statistical program (spss-ver27). The researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: Actuarial accounting is one of the modern sciences that uses statistical, mathematical, financial, and economic sciences to provide an appropriate climate for investment, maximize the value of the economic unit, and ensure its survival. The most important thing recommended by the researcher is: Scientific and professional bodies such as the Accountants Association and other unions should hold seminars, workshops and introductory conferences on actuarial accounting as a new field of accounting knowledge and its importance in increasing the quality of accounting information.
key words: actuarial science, quality of accounting information, Iraqi Insurance Companies.
Abstract
Due to the technological development witnessed by the world and the open market, Iraqi companies have become unable to maintain their market share and compete with similar foreign companies, so it was necessary to rely on management accounting techniques, so the targeted Kaizen cost technology was TKC, which has a significant impact on improving product quality and rationalizing its cost to achieve competitive advantage The research is to apply a set of practices to improve quality and reduce costs along the product life cycle by adopting modern technologies that contribute to supporting the capabilities of the economic unit to reach the competitive advantage, and the importance of the research is by adopting the targeted Kaizen cost technology and the possibility of its application in the gas filling company to achieve continuous improvement. KC technology is of great importance in managing the quality cost of the product along the product life cycle and determining the methods or ways to rationalize it. The research also recommended the necessity of adopting TKC technology, which includes comprehensive and continuous improvement to achieve the competitive advantage associated with quality and cost.
Abstract
Integrated reports represent an episode in the development of the financial reporting function and were approved by the management of economic units as a result of the pressures of users of accounting information in light of a competitive economic environment that requires reducing the information gap between management and users in order to ensure the achievement of social and environmental activities to evaluate the efforts of the management of economic units and their ability to achieve goals. Its strategy and creating an integrated information advantage.
The importance of the research stems from the importance of integrated reports and evaluation of banking performance and governance, as it addresses an important issue supporting the disclosure of quantitative and qualitative information about the performance of banks to meet the needs of investors and stakeholders. The aim of the research was to determine the role of the dimensions of integrated reports within the governance framework in the process of results and evaluation of banking performance.
As for the research problem, the process of reporting on the results of the economic unit’s work is accompanied by various problems that prompted the emergence of a comprehensive type of reports. Hence, the research problem can be formulated with the following questions: Do the contents of the dimensions of integrated reports affect the evaluation of banking performance within the framework of governance? The research is also based on the following hypotheses: The first main hypothesis: There is a role for integrated reports with their dimensions within the governance framework in evaluating banking performance under the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) system.
Many conclusions were reached: weak disclosure in the non-financial reports of the bank in the research sample, in addition to the low levels of environmental and social activities that help management achieve its set goals, and the low utility of the information provided to users.
The research summarized the recommendations, the most important of which are the need to oblige professional accounting organizations and the management of the Iraqi Stock Exchange to direct bank management and the need to commit to preparing annual integrated reports.
Abstract
The research aims to demonstrate the importance of applying responsibility accounting in economic units and its role in evaluating the performance of responsibility centers by shedding light on responsibility centers and ensuring commitment to implementing the policies and objectives of the economic unit. The problem lies in the fact that the use of traditional methods of performance evaluation results from a lack of attention to administrative accounting aspects and a focus on applying the responsibility accounting system through evaluating the performance of cost centers. Due to their reliance on traditional methods and the lack of sufficient information, this has led to a weakness in performance evaluation according to modern methods. In order to achieve the research objectives and verify the validity of its hypotheses, the responsibility accounting system was applied, and the industrial sector was chosen as the research community and the General Company for Food Products, represented by the Amin Factory, as the research sample. The research concluded with a set of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which was that the research found that there is weakness and shortcomings in the accounting reports and information provided by the factory, and the neglect of the aspect of preparing monthly, quarterly and annual reports, including the preparation of the annual budget plan to identify deviations and determine their causes to work on finding solutions that help in raising the effectiveness and efficiency of operations within the factory. The study recommends that responsibility centers should be defined accurately and clearly, with the responsibilities and activities associated with them and how to allocate costs to each center being clarified. The factory should work on improving production and administrative operations in the various responsibility centers in order to improve the overall performance of the factory. The accounting and evaluation system should be developed to be more comprehensive and effective, including the definition of clear and measurable performance standards for evaluating the performance of responsibility centers.