Search Results for economic-factors

Abstract

The research includes the nature of the relationship between the causes of drug abuse as a dependent variable as a result of the effects of economic and social factors in the world with reference to Iraq as an independent variable. The research aims to clarify the complex interaction of many components surrounding society that lead to the alarming rise in drug abuse. By examining the network of socio-economic conditions and drug abuse, this analysis seeks to provide a broad understanding of the root causes, patterns and suggestions for individuals and societies. The study begins by discovering the socio-economic factors that force individuals to abuse drugs. Economic disparities, limited access to education and employment opportunities, and inadequate health care resources arise as major motivators. The study thus explores how these factors make the environment vulnerable to drug abuse, as individuals facing economic hardship may help to abuse drugs as a coping mechanism or a means of escape. Ultimately, this analysis advances the current debate on drug abuse by providing a nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between socioeconomic factors and drug abuse, and by highlighting the complex web of influences as causal variables for drug abuse, the study offers solutions and policy changes that can positively impact individuals and communities exacerbated by this prevalent concern

Abstract

The disparity in employee salaries across different ministries and departments raises questions, discomfort, and feelings of injustice, especially among employees with lower salaries in some ministries compared to their higher-paid counterparts in other ministries. These reasons stem from social factors, followed by economic factors. The prices of goods and services are determined by the size of the employee group with higher salaries, especially if a large group raises the prices of goods and services through their greater purchasing power. Consequently, it becomes difficult for employees with lower salaries to live comfortably, creating economic and social disparities among employee groups. This, in turn, impacts economic and social development. All these reasons prompted me to give great importance to writing this vital and important research, as I focused on analyzing several important indicators, most notably the cost of living index, which measures the minimum cost of living in Iraq, which helps us in formulating a minimum wage policy, and the private sector wage value levels index, which shows the minimum and maximum limits of private sector employee wages according to a labor market survey in the private sector in Iraq, where I concluded that one of the most important factors for labor market stability is the convergence of wages between employees in the private and public sectors, which ends the prevailing reality of the preference of wages for employees in the public sector over their counterparts in the private sector, and we reach a stage of equal demand as much as possible for job opportunities in the two sectors. The index of the total ratio of public sector employees’ salaries to revenues, which shows the high and dangerous percentage that salaries constitute of the country’s total revenues, which must be reduced and controlled, and the index of the ratio of the number of beneficiaries of public sector salaries to the population and labor force, which also constitutes a high percentage, most notably the increase in the number of new appointments that have plunged the country into a state of disguised unemployment and the inclusion of new categories in social welfare salaries, which has burdened the government and forced it to withdraw from the investment budget. In addition to the operating budget for these salaries, the average employee share of the total public sector payroll index (AEI) represents the average salary that should be taken into account when constructing the public sector salary scale. Analyzing these indicators leads us to an important point of convergence that enables us to formulate a clear policy for building a fair and balanced salary system and scale.

Abstract

Homes bias stock is considered a confusing phenomenon in the financial literature, due to its increase over time, as well as the absence of any justification for this increase. This study aims to analyze the determinants of local bias, especially during the study period, which went through many economic, financial and health crises. The intellectual argument from the study lies in the basic question whether the country's bias towards stocks is affected during the Karuna pandemic, as well as an attempt to know the determinants that affect the country's bias during the study period. A portfolio analysis of economies was conducted for the period (2005 to 2020).

In light of the data obtained for the study sample, represented by portfolios of foreign and local stocks and the market values of those portfolios, as well as several other determinants. The study sample consisted of (64) foreign portfolios. The duration of the study included (16) years for the sample studied as a whole, and it started in the year (2005) until the year (2020). Using many financial and statistical methods, the study reached many conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which are: According to the theory of portfolio selection and the country’s bias in light of uncertainty corona pandemic, In addition, the study proved that there are several factors, not a single factor, to explain the determinants of the country’s bias, among which are institutional and economic factors that bear the responsibility of reducing foreign investment returns, which are led by the cost-benefit input such as reserves, trade flows, gross domestic product, the number of listed companies and market capitalization. The other explanation is related to behavioral factors that focus on investor behavior, such as familiarity, conservatism, and overconfidence. This proof confirms the acceptance of the main hypothesis. The study concluded in the most important recommendation: the need for investors to be interested in diversifying their investments in order to reduce the country's bias towards local stocks. And to take advantage of external opportunities to achieve the best exchange between efficient returns and risks.