Search Results for diversification
Abstract
Economic diversification is a major concern for economists and policymakers alike. Various countries strive to achieve the highest levels of economic diversification in their economic programs. Economic diversification is also crucial for poverty reduction in Iraq, particularly through developing and creating job opportunities by expanding the agricultural, industrial, and renewable energy sectors. This study attempts to present an approach to economic diversification policies and addressing and reducing poverty in Iraq, based on theoretical principles from modern economic literature and objective data from the Iraqi economy. This includes examining the phenomenon of poverty, efforts to combat it, and the potential for economic diversification within the general budget and financial system. This forward-looking vision can be used to develop a policy that contributes to economic diversification, thereby mitigating economic fluctuations, achieving stability, increasing economic growth, and eliminating unemployment and, consequently, poverty The research problem adopts the topic that Iraq is one of the quartile countries that depend on a single economic resource, namely oil, to finance public spending. In the event that the macro economy is exposed to external and internal shocks such as the decline in oil prices, in addition to the mortgage crisis, as well as the COVID-19 pandemic, this will lead to a state of financial deficit. Therefore, it is better to rely on economic diversification, which does not allow the economy to be subject to sectors that use raw materials, and to expand economic activities, renewable energy, increase competitiveness, and create added value for the economy as a whole, which leads to reducing poverty.
Abstract
The current study examines the impact of income diversification on the profitability and stability of Jordanian commercial banks. The study sample consisted of (13) commercial banks operating in Jordan for the period 2010-2022. The secondary data included in the financial reports and annual budgets issued by the Jordanian commercial banks are also considered. The study employs the ratio of non-interest income to total operating income and the Hirschman-Herfindahl index to measure income diversification, while the return on assets and return on equity indices were used to measure bank profitability. To measure financial stability, the z-score value was calculated. The Panel Data regression model was employed, and the random effect model was chosen to test the study hypotheses. The results showed that the ratio of non-interest income has a positive and significant impact on the profitability of Jordanian commercial banks. This indicates that increasing reliance on non-interest income sources enhances the performance and profitability of Jordanian commercial banks. The results also showed that the HHI index has a positive and significant effect on the profitability and stability of Jordanian commercial banks, which means that increasing the level of diversification in income sources leads to increased profitability and financial stability in Jordanian commercial banks. The study recommended the necessity of encouraging commercial banks to innovate financially and provide digital banking services and other non-traditional services due to their role in increasing profits and financial stability in Jordanian commercial banks.
Abstract
Gold is a rare, limited, and highly liquid asset. However, it is a luxury commodity and therefore can be considered an investment opportunity. It is readily available and does not carry significant risks to its users. Furthermore, there are no associated credit risks. Given these characteristics, it is a highly significant asset and plays a fundamental role in investment portfolios. These characteristics increase investors' interest in including gold in their portfolios, especially during times of financial crises. If an investor decides to include gold in their investment portfolio, it is essential to evaluate the proportion of gold in the portfolio, taking into account risk, return, and diversification. This study attempts to test and prove the hypothesis: Does gold provide good diversification for an investment portfolio? Is gold an important asset in an investment portfolio? Do investment portfolios that include precious metals such as gold show a better performance rate than portfolios that do not contain them? In addition, the research focuses on building an optimal investment portfolio of stocks, an investment portfolio of gold and stocks, an investment portfolio of stocks and cryptocurrencies, an investment portfolio of cryptocurrencies and gold, and an investment portfolio of stocks, cryptocurrencies, and gold. The current research is the first Iraqi, Arab, and international research that includes gold in portfolios of stocks, currencies, and cryptocurrencies simultaneously. The research sample consisted of (21 stocks) listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, and (21) global cryptocurrencies for the period from (January 2017 - September 2023). The research concluded that including gold in stock portfolios clearly improves their performance.
Abstract
The Iraqi economy relies entirely on oil revenues to meet its needs and plans, highlighting the precariousness of the situation should global oil prices decline for political and economic reasons. Given that oil is a finite resource, it is imperative to pursue economic diversification and leverage all economic sectors as the cornerstone and driving force for building a robust economy and achieving comprehensive development. This necessitates good governance in implementing economic reform programs and exploring strategic alternatives to achieve economic growth. The Iraqi economy possesses alternatives and opportunities for economic diversification and various sources of income. However, it has not fully utilized its diverse natural and agricultural resources, which are crucial for supporting economic growth. Development is not merely about frameworks, institutions, and aspirations; it requires political, economic, social, and cultural prerequisites that must be organized and updated in a gradual and practical manner. It also necessitates addressing internal and external challenges that interact with evolving societal changes. This requires awareness and determination to achieve the desired goals through investment spending, increased productivity, and ultimately, a higher gross national product.
Abstract
This research provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of fiscal policy on achieving inclusive growth in both Algeria and Saudi Arabia during the period 2004-2024. It focuses on key fiscal policy instruments such as public spending, public revenues, and the sectoral distribution of GDP, aiming to identify successful fiscal measures and explore their potential application in developing Iraq's economic experience. The research employs a comparative analysis methodology, examining the financial and economic performance of both countries and comparing it to the Iraqi economic reality based on long-term official data. The analysis emphasizes the relationship between fiscal expansion, diversification of the production base, and improvements in social indicators. The results indicate that Saudi Arabia achieved greater progress in achieving inclusive growth based on diversifying the production base and expanding financial inclusion, while Algeria focused on the social dimension of its fiscal policy, leading to improved income distribution and reduced poverty, but with limited economic diversification. The study concludes by presenting an Iraq within the framework of an integrated financial and developmental reform that takes into account justice, efficiency and sustainability.
Abstract
Education has consistently been a prerequisite for employment in a variety of positions. Nevertheless, this can be a problem and exacerbate unemployment in societies if it becomes an obstacle or if there is an overabundance in certain disciplines. To enable to design practical remedies that can be performed in both the near and long term, it studies the reasons for it and evaluates its data within Iraq. The framework of job possibilities in Iraq is also the subject of this study, and the level to which it enables job candidates of both gender with various degrees of educational attainment. It also evaluates the capacity of both the public and private industries to attract and retain this demographic, as well as the potential challenges and solutions, particularly in light of the challenging security, political, and economic conditions that Iraq has experienced. The inductive method was used through data analysis to reach the conclusions. Data was collected from multiple sources, including the International Labour Organization, the World Bank, and statistics and reports issued by official Iraqi bodies. This research covers the period following 2003, with particular emphasis on 2020 and 2021, drawing on the most recent available data. These two years reflect Iraq's economic reality more than two decades after that turning point, and they help illuminate the persistent gap between labor market requirements and educational outputs—a gap that has given rise to numerous structural problems in the economy, unemployment chief among them. The research problem lies in the disconnect between educational outputs and labor market needs, which has worsened in recent years as a result of a lack of economic diversification and the limited capacity of the private sector to absorb graduates. The significance of the research is derived from the fact that it addresses a crisis that is deeply ingrained in Iraqi society and necessitates solutions. There have been numerous issues related to occupation and the increase in the proportion of jobless
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the relationship between fiscal policy and poverty rates in Iraq during the period 2018–2023 by examining the structure of the public budget, including revenue and expenditure distribution (both operational and investment). The findings indicate that the rise in oil revenues did not effectively contribute to poverty reduction due to weak redistribution policies and reliance on temporary solutions such as public employment and the ration card system. Official poverty indicators based on socio-economic surveys reveal significant regional disparities, underscoring the limited impact of government measures. The study concludes that the lack of economic diversification and the dominance of a rentier structure have exacerbated poverty and recommends the implementation of more inclusive and sustainable development policies to address its root causes.
Abstract
Iraq is considered one of the countries most dependent on oil to cover government expenditures and external payments, as it is a rentier economy, lacks a diverse production base, and is unable to develop its revenue sources to achieve comprehensive economic development. In order to lift Iraq out of this deficit and achieve economic diversification and economic growth, it is necessary to expand the capacity to produce and export crude oil, in line with achieving well-being and prosperity. Economic. The growing reliance on this resource has made the Iraqi economy constantly vulnerable to price fluctuations in global oil markets. Hence, the research aimed to analyze the importance of crude oil revenues in supporting Iraqi economic growth for the period (2010-2024). And how it is affected by a number of Influencing factors, oil prices in the international market, and their impact on Iraqi economic activity. One of the most prominent conclusions reached by the researcher is that oil exports play a very important role in increasing the rates of economic development by supporting other economic sectors. The importance of oil lies in its provision of financial savings that are essential for financing economic and social development programmers.
Abstract
Today, The World is living in a state of economic stagnation caused by the emerging (COVID-19), and the impact of the health crisis, as a result of preventive measures, has extended to the total closure and almost complete suspension of economic activities. This research aims to demonstrate the impact of the Corona pandemic (COVID-19) on supply chains, and the extent of the supply chain stumbling and its impact on the gross domestic product, as the research reached results, the most important of which is the presence of a clear stumble in supply chains, for the first and second quarters of the year (2020), which led To the decline in GDP and the volume of demand, and that agile supply chains can recover quickly from sudden setbacks, and as a result, the research recommends the need to modify supply chains to make them more flexible, and pay attention to the strategic level of risk management, as it is preferred for companies to reconsider the system and size of emergency stocks, to face A series of economic challenges resulting from abnormal conditions such as epidemics, or emerging infectious diseases such as the virus (COVID-19) and diversification of supply chains and storage systems practices.
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the role of artificial intelligence in achieving sustainable economic growth and addressing unemployment in Iraq. It examines the current state of artificial intelligence technology adoption, the level of institutional and human readiness, and the impact of these factors on economic growth and labor market indicators within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. The significance of the study stems from the growing global reliance on artificial intelligence as a key driver of economic transformation, in contrast to the limited adoption of these technologies in the Iraqi economy, despite the structural challenges it faces, most notably unemployment and a lack of economic diversification. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on official data from the Ministry of Planning and the Central Statistical Organization, World Bank data, and the Scopus database. It also examines indicators of expenditure on education, research and development, and health during the period 2010–2024, with the aim of analyzing the relationship between artificial intelligence adoption, economic growth, and unemployment in Iraq. The study concludes that the contribution of artificial intelligence to achieving sustainable economic growth in Iraq remains limited due to weak digital infrastructure, low levels of investment in research and development, and the absence of a comprehensive national digital transformation strategy, despite the relative increase in the number of published scientific studies and growing official interest in modern technologies. The findings also indicate that artificial intelligence applications have the potential to improve productivity and enhance the efficiency of economic and service sectors. Nevertheless, their impact on addressing unemployment remains limited because educational outcomes are misaligned with the requirements of the digital labor market and because high-quality, knowledge-based employment opportunities remain scarce
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the impact of using clean energy on climate change management, by identifying the nature and importance of clean energy, and its impact on reducing or confronting climate change, in addition to highlighting successful experiences in a number of developing and developed countries. The study highlighted the experiences of the UAE and Norway, examining their clean energy policies and their success in leveraging the benefits offered by this use. It demonstrated that successful investment in clean energy not only contributes to reducing carbon emissions, but also supports economic sustainability and enhances countries' resilience to the effects of climate change. The study also highlighted the importance of a clear institutional and legislative framework for the success of these transformations. The study relied on a key hypothesis: the use of clean energy has an impact on climate change management. The study concluded that the use of clean energy represents an effective tool for mitigating emissions and building a sustainable future. Renewable energy sources are characterized by their continuous renewal, and therefore are a continuous and inexhaustible source of energy. Climate change is a rapidly accelerating global phenomenon resulting from carbon emissions resulting from various human activities. Oil-producing countries seeking to achieve sustainability do not seek to abandon oil immediately, but rather adopt long-term strategies based on economic diversification, expanding the share of renewable energy, improving resource efficiency, and developing infrastructure in accordance with global environmental standards. One of the most important recommendations reached by the research is the necessity of providing full support and adopting a gradual strategic approach by governments to shift from dependence on fossil fuels to diversifying energy sources while enhancing investment in clean energy projects, by benefiting from the experiences of countries, especially Norway and the Emirates, which maintained their economic stability during the transition process, as well as the necessity of educating decision-makers and society about the importance of using clean energy as an important option to confront the challenge of climate change and achieve a sustainable future.
Abstract
The research aims to measure and analyze the total effect (direct and indirect) between the administrative ability of the research sample banks (the independent variable) and the lending behavior (the dependent variable) through the employment determinant (the mediator variable). 8 commercial banks were used, or 23% of the total listed banks In the Iraqi Stock Exchange of 35 banks for the period (2006-2020). Administrative capacity has an important role in the allocation and diversification of investments, including loans, which have suffered from a high concentration recently due to the low levels of administrative capabilities of the research sample banks. Management ability was measured and analyzed using Data Envelope Analysis (DEA), and lending behavior was measured by Herfndahl-Hirschman analysis method, and employment was measured by the natural log ratio of the number of employees. The hypotheses of the study were tested using the statistical program (SmartPLS.v.3.) The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is that there is a significant effect of the administrative ability of the research sample banks in the lending behavior through the employment determinant, and this research concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to pay attention The research sample banks raise the levels of their administrative capacity because of their positive effects on directing lending behavior through the employment determinant.
Abstract
The economy faces accumulated challenges, including high unemployment rates, particularly among young people, and the weak contribution of non-oil sectors to GDP, in addition to economic fluctuations related to oil prices. The research problem lies in the structural challenges that the Iraqi economy suffers from, most notably high unemployment rates, weak economic diversification, and excessive dependence on the oil sector, which has negatively affected the sustainability of economic growth. The research aims to demonstrate the role of foreign direct investment in stimulating unemployment and economic growth. The descriptive analytical method was used to reach the research results, which led to a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that foreign direct investment is one of the important tools for supporting economic growth in Iraq, as it provides capital flows that contribute to increasing productive capacity and improving GDP rates, especially in non-oil productive sectors. It also contributes to creating direct and indirect job opportunities through the establishment of new projects and the expansion of existing activities. The researchers recommend working to improve the investment environment by strengthening political and security stability, simplifying administrative procedures, combating corruption, and developing the legal framework regulating investment in a way that ensures the protection of investors and at the same time achieves the national interest.
Abstract
This research deals with the complex relationship between fiscal policy tools and exchange rate policy in Iraq. Where the exchange rate is one of the important economic indicators that reflect the state of economic stability of the state, and is greatly affected by changes in fiscal policy, especially in light of excessive dependence on oil revenues and fluctuations in global prices, hence the problem of the study stems from the challenges faced by the Iraqi economy due to its great dependence on oil revenues, which leads to fluctuations in the exchange rate The study seeks to answer how different fiscal policy tools affect exchange rate policy. The study found that public revenues, which rely heavily on oil, play a crucial role in stabilizing the exchange rate. Public spending, whether current or investment, also affects the value of the local currency, as the rise in current spending can lead to inflationary pressures, which increases exchange rate fluctuations, and the impact of both the public budget and public debt on exchange rate policy, as it appears that the fiscal deficit and high public debt can lead to Pressure on the local currency. The study emphasizes the importance of economic diversification and increasing non-oil revenues to ensure the stability of the exchange rate.
Abstract
The current research aims to know the extent of the impact of the dimensions of manufacturing flexibility represented by (size flexibility, machinery flexibility, product flexibility, process flexibility, expansion flexibility) in supporting the marketing performance represented by (market share, sales volume, profitability) in the General Company for Leather Industries - Baghdad The data and information were collected based on a questionnaire form, and the data obtained was analyzed using the statistical program (spss. Ver- 24) in order to obtain the results of analyzing the correlation and influence relationships between the independent variable (manufacturing flexibility) and the dependent variable (marketing performance). A set of statistical tools and methods prepared for the purpose of statistical analysis and extracting results from the most important ones T-test, F-test, correlation coefficient, and simple, multiple and graduated linear regression analysis. The research came out with a set of conclusions, among which there was a correlation and a significant effect between manufacturing flexibility and marketing performance, and in light of the conclusions, a set of proposals were presented in line with the conclusions, including: Increasing the interest of the researched company in manufacturing its products with different models and designs by adopting advanced machines that meet the requirements of customers as well as Diversification in the markets to which the products are offered.
Abstract
The rentier orientation of fiscal policy in Iraq after 2003 has led to an over-reliance on oil revenues and a neglect of the productive, operational, and financial role of non-oil sectors. This underscores the need to adopt a fiscal reform policy aimed at boosting non-oil revenues by focusing on the productive, operational, and financial role of the non-oil sector as a means to reduce unemployment, deprivation, and poverty rates. • This research is based on the premise that fiscal policy measures in Iraq have failed to achieve the necessary fiscal reforms to support the productive, operational, and financial role of non-oil productive activities. This has led to increased unemployment rates and, consequently, higher rates of multidimensional poverty. The research employs a deductive and descriptive-analytical approach. • The study recommends adopting fiscal reforms that diversify revenues by increasing non-oil revenues. This would broaden options, increase job opportunities, reduce unemployment and poverty rates, ensure access to employment for vulnerable groups, enhance the equitable distribution of income sources, and reduce poverty in its various dimensions in Iraq
Abstract
The research aims to measure and analyze the correlations between the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index (RISX) and the returns of commodity markets represented by the returns of the OPEC oil market (ROPEC), the returns of 21-carat gold market (RPG21), and the returns of the wheat market (RPW)), relying on monthly data for the period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2023, and using the Dynamic Conditional Correlation-GARCH (DCC-GARCH) model. To determine the extent of the impact of the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index and commodity market indicators on conditional volatilities, and whether there is a dynamic conditional relationship between these markets, the results showed negative relationships between the returns of ROPEC, RPW and the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index (RISX). This relationship may provide investors with an opportunity to diversify their portfolios and reduce overall risks. There are also positive relationships between the returns of commodity markets on one hand, and between the returns of the Iraq Stock Exchange index (RISX) and the returns of the gold market (RPG21) on the other hand. And these links indicate that the returns of all these markets tend to move in the same direction, which means that investors may not achieve diversification benefits by investing in all of these markets at the same time. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the openness of the Iraqi stock market and to seek to enhance its information technology and transparency in order to increase the capacity and smoothness of information flow to and from the market, giving local and foreign investors and brokers more ability to hedge and predict the expected correlations and fluctuations in those markets.
Abstract
The economy faces accumulated challenges, including high unemployment rates, particularly among young people, and the weak contribution of non-oil sectors to GDP, in addition to economic fluctuations related to oil prices. The research problem lies in the structural challenges that the Iraqi economy suffers from, most notably high unemployment rates, weak economic diversification, and excessive dependence on the oil sector, which has negatively affected the sustainability of economic growth. The research aims to demonstrate the role of foreign direct investment in stimulating unemployment and economic growth. The descriptive analytical method was used to reach the research results, which led to a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that foreign direct investment is one of the important tools for supporting economic growth in Iraq, as it provides capital flows that contribute to increasing productive capacity and improving GDP rates, especially in non-oil productive sectors. It also contributes to creating direct and indirect job opportunities through the establishment of new projects and the expansion of existing activities. The researchers recommend working to improve the investment environment by strengthening political and security stability, simplifying administrative procedures, combating corruption, and developing the legal framework regulating investment in a way that ensures the protection of investors and at the same time achieves the national interest.
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the economic imbalances caused by local factors related to the nature of overall activity. These imbalances can be commodity-based, stemming from imbalances in aggregate supply and demand; financial, from imbalances in the general budget; or monetary, from imbalances between the supply and demand for money. Within this research framework, we can focus on the occurrence of these imbalances and their impact on deepening poverty, especially given that the Iraqi economy suffers from a set of structural imbalances: a rentier economy and dependence on crude oil, coupled with a clear weakness in the contribution of other productive sectors such as agriculture and industry. This has led to weak economic diversification and income inequality. The research is based on the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between structural imbalances and high poverty rates in Iraq. To test this hypothesis, the descriptive and analytical methods were used, examining economic sectors and analyzing the evolution of poverty rates. The research concluded that dependence on a rentier economy, the inefficiency of fiscal policies and income redistribution, as well as developmental disparities between governorates, have all contributed to deepening poverty and fluctuating its rates. The results also showed that improvements in poverty levels were temporary and dependent on... The increase in oil revenues is a direct result of economic policies, and based on this, the research recommends diversifying income sources, strengthening the role of productive sectors, and improving the efficiency of economic and social policies to reduce structural imbalances and decrease poverty rates in Iraq.