Search Results for determinants

Abstract

The aim of the research is to identify the external determinants of the performance of the banking sector, represented by growth rate in gross domestic product (GGDP) and inflation (I), and the internal determinants represented by size (S), operational efficiency (OE) and financial intermediation (FM) for the period (1996 to 2017), in some of the Arabic countries represented by (Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, the Emirates). To reach this goal, cross-sectional time-series models (Pooled regression model, fixed effects model, random effects model) were used. These models were compared using the restricted F test and Hausman's test, and it was found that the random effects model is the appropriate model to represent the relationship between the research variables.The results of the research revealed that there was no effect of the external determinants (growth in GDP and inflation) and financial intermediation as one of the internal determinants on the performance of banking sectors, expressed in return on capital (ROE), because the relationship between these variables was not significant, in addition to the existence of a negative impact of a significant indication of the volume on the performance of the banking sectors and a positive impact with a significant effect of the operational efficiency on the performance of that sector. The research recommended the necessity for the supervisory and supervisory authorities to pay special attention to size and operational efficiency for their clear impact on the performance of the banking sectors, the research sample.

Abstract

Homes bias stock is considered a confusing phenomenon in the financial literature, due to its increase over time, as well as the absence of any justification for this increase. This study aims to analyze the determinants of local bias, especially during the study period, which went through many economic, financial and health crises. The intellectual argument from the study lies in the basic question whether the country's bias towards stocks is affected during the Karuna pandemic, as well as an attempt to know the determinants that affect the country's bias during the study period. A portfolio analysis of economies was conducted for the period (2005 to 2020).

In light of the data obtained for the study sample, represented by portfolios of foreign and local stocks and the market values of those portfolios, as well as several other determinants. The study sample consisted of (64) foreign portfolios. The duration of the study included (16) years for the sample studied as a whole, and it started in the year (2005) until the year (2020). Using many financial and statistical methods, the study reached many conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which are: According to the theory of portfolio selection and the country’s bias in light of uncertainty corona pandemic, In addition, the study proved that there are several factors, not a single factor, to explain the determinants of the country’s bias, among which are institutional and economic factors that bear the responsibility of reducing foreign investment returns, which are led by the cost-benefit input such as reserves, trade flows, gross domestic product, the number of listed companies and market capitalization. The other explanation is related to behavioral factors that focus on investor behavior, such as familiarity, conservatism, and overconfidence. This proof confirms the acceptance of the main hypothesis. The study concluded in the most important recommendation: the need for investors to be interested in diversifying their investments in order to reduce the country's bias towards local stocks. And to take advantage of external opportunities to achieve the best exchange between efficient returns and risks.

Abstract

The research intends to show the internal determinants and to evaluate and measure their impact on commercial bank profitability, as internal determinants are key and influential indicators on Joint Stock companies performance that are within their control and management. The bank's size) as internal factors have become a concern for them in view of the quick changes and advances in the banking world and its technologies.

As a result, for the period 2015-2020, this research was applied to a sample of Joint Stock companies listed in the Iraqi market for securities, represented by the selection of (13) banks, namely Ashur, Baghdad, Iraqi commercial, investment, Iraqi Gulf, international development, Sumer, Mosul, Mansour, Al-Ahly of Iraq, Al-Mutated, Middle East, and used the descriptive analytical approach of the research variables available in the research sample banks in order to Return on deposits, rate of return on available money (as calculated by the statistical tool EViews V9), and use of panel data analysis according to the three models (accumulation regression model, fixed-effects model, random-effects model) according to this analysis, which will cover the research period (2015-2020). With the research sample represented by (13) banks. Through the application of tablet data, it was discovered that the internal determinants do not significantly affect the profitability ratios or the dependent variable at a significant level of 5 and 10%/4, respectively, whereas the aggregate model was significant and more appropriate according to the restricted f test, i.e. accepting the fifth hypothesis and vice versa if it was rejected. The constant is preferable, but if the Hausman test discovered a Chi-sq value less than the tabular at the 5% level, then this model is preferable to the constant, i.e. the rejection of the sixth hypothesis, and if the coefficient of determination was stronger and significant in the fixed model. than the random model It is more likely and appropriate according to these results.

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the role of using the ESG sustainability indicators in enhancing the quality of reporting in economic units, what are the determinants that hinder ESG reporting, and what are the effects of ESG reporting. The deductive approach was used to clarify the triple concept of sustainability, as well as the quality of reporting and the use of the inductive approach in the exploratory study was formulated to verify the research hypotheses with two axes. The first axis measures the effects of the quality of triple sustainability reporting, and the other axis is about the determinants of the quality of triple sustainability reporting. A survey was conducted from the research sample and it was concluded that triple sustainability reporting has a good impact on the markets and is Among the news that the markets interact with, as for the determinants, it was found that there is a legislative and regulatory deficiency in the Iraqi environment for reporting on ESG.

Abstract

The study addresses the nature of the intertwined and integrated relationship between the organizational health of business organizations in the Iraqi tourism sector and strategic immunity, according to what these variables witness from the emergence of artificial intelligence with its capabilities and driving powers in supporting the organizational environment to predict potential risks and challenges during future periods, as well as increasing the level of transparency in the business environment and improving the integration of artificial intelligence in the organizational circle, starting from planning and passing through describing the nature of internal processes, reaching the achievement of targeted institutional goals. Thus, the three variables: artificial intelligence, strategic immunity, and organizational health are no longer just individual concepts, but have become institutionalized strategic tools prepared for the future.

One of the most important determinants of the current study lies in addressing an underexplored research area. To the best of our knowledge, there is a notable scarcity of prior studies that integrate strategic immunity, organizational health, artificial intelligence, and organizational culture within a unified framework. Existing Arab and international studies tend to examine these dimensions separately, rather than as interconnected drivers of digital organizational resilience.

Abstract

Inflation is closely associated with all macroeconomic outcomes, including investment. An increase in inflation affects investment spending, leading to its decline and pushing the economy into a state of disequilibrium. Based on officially recorded data and other factors influencing the investment environment, several elements contributed to rising inflation rates during the study period, which necessitated government intervention to reduce these rates and stabilize the economy under such conditions. Given that the Iraqi economy is a rentier economy primarily dependent on oil, this has led to fluctuations in investment and its reliance on both operational and investment expenditures. The importance of this research lies in demonstrating the impact of inflation on private investment, as well as analyzing data related to inflation and private investment. The data were obtained from the Central Statistical Organization. The study also emphasizes the adoption of policies that ensure control over inflation in order to promote economic development by providing a suitable investment environment during this critical phase of the Iraqi economy. The focus on private rather than public investment is due to the comprehensive nature of public investment across all sectors, which would expand the scope of the paper beyond its limits. Therefore, private investment was selected as a representative model, given that both types are affected by inflation. The aim of the research is to analyze and estimate the impact of inflation on investment in Iraq for the period (1990–2022) through the use of the SPSS program. A simple linear regression equation was estimated, confirming that inflation (independent variable X) has a negative effect on investment (dependent variable Y), which is consistent with economic theory. The research also aims to identify key measures through which the Iraqi economy can formulate policies and adopt necessary procedures to control inflation, as well as to provide an appropriate investment environment to attract both domestic and foreign investors. Several results were obtained, most notably the clear fluctuation in inflation rates, as shown in Table (1), due to the political events experienced by Iraq during the study period. This, in turn, led to fluctuations in private investment rates, as shown in Table (2). The study confirms that inflation is one of the most important determinants of private investment and must be addressed and mitigated in order to attract more investments, thereby promoting development and increasing economic growth rates in Iraq. As for the recommendations, the most important include implementing direct monitoring and adopting measures aimed at transforming open inflation into controlled inflation, in addition to curbing increases in prices and wages to reduce inflationary pressures and achieve balance between supply and demand. Furthermore, the study recommends encouraging investment by attracting both domestic and foreign investors. The research consists of three sections. The first section examines inflation through analysis and estimation of a simple linear model (OLS), where inflation rates are treated as the dependent variable and time as the independent variable using SPSS. The estimation results reveal clear fluctuations over the period (1990–2022) due to the events experienced by Iraq, as well as an inverse relationship between time and inflation. The second section addresses the analysis and estimation of a simple linear model for private investment, showing an inverse relationship between time and private investment. The third section studies the relationship between inflation and private investment through analysis and estimation, revealing an inverse relationship between inflation rates and private investment, which is consistent with economic theory and will be further clarified in subsequent sections. Inflation was selected among many variables affecting investment due to its strong connection with the living burdens borne by citizens.

Abstract

The current research presents the idea of ​​using deep learning tools and employing them in financial aspects due to their significant role and ability to explore unobservable aspects in light of financial models governed by a set of restrictions, conditions and linear relationships. On the other hand, the nature of financial data that tends to be non-linear and suffers from the missing of monthly closing prices, which imposes a state of data loss. All of this provides preference for deep learning models, including the neural network tool. The research aims to estimate financial returns in light of the capital asset pricing model CAPM as a financial model and neural networks as a deep learning tool in addition to the mask & padding tool to address the problem of missing data. The knowledge gap was determined by the inability of the capital asset pricing model to explore hidden and invisible aspects and overcome non-linear relationships. The research sample consisted of 42 organizations listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period from 1/1/2021 to 31/12/2024 with 60 observations. The research concluded that the neural network tool is able to overcome the determinants in light of financial models and provide accurate estimates of returns are close to estimates under the capital asset pricing model.

Abstract

The study dealt with diagnosing the quality of the external auditor's performance in view of international auditing standards and external environment variables. The study was based on a main hypothesis that states “the process of raising the quality of the external auditor’s performance and ensuring the fairness and objectivity of professional opinion within the auditor’s report that reflects the essence of control practices requires professional, technical and strict adherence to international auditing standards with consider the integrate with the external environment variables surrounding the entity subject to auditing" . In order to achieve the objectives of the study and test the validity of the hypotheses related to it, the researcher adopted the descriptive (correlational) approach, which aims to know the size and type of relationship between the variables, that is, to what extent the study variables are related to each other, sub-hypotheses were derived, which confirm the existence of a moral correlation with statistically significant between the international auditing standards and quality of the external auditor's performance, the external environment variables and quality of the external auditor's performance. This requires adoption a number of tools, including formulating and designing the questionnaire form in an accurate manner and making use of some previous studies in the process of designing that questionnaire in order to cover all study variables in a way that represents the study community correctly.
The study reached a set of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which are , one of the most important determinants of the success of external audit practices and achieving quality in the auditing performance is that the task must assign to a professional and competent external auditor possessing a number of personal qualities , scientific and professional qualifications, including integrity, objectivity and transparency in expressing a professional opinion , as addressed by the international auditing standard that requires exercising professional care, availability of skill, competence and training in the external auditor, he must possess the ability to understand international auditing standards and the conditions for their application, possess impartiality in the process of gathering evidence, familiarity with the affairs of the entity subject to auditing and the nature of its relationship with other external bodies. He must also possess a tendency of professional skepticism, which indicates alertness to cases that may indicate the possibility of a misrepresentation due to an error or fraud and critical evaluation of evidence , In addition to these features, the external auditor requires accuracy in determining the entity to which the auditor’s report are directed and justice in formulating this report as it is considered a link between the auditor and the needs and requirements of many users, including senior management, investors and creditors, in order to contribute to strengthening corporate governance and facilitate the process of making decision.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the trends of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Iraq in light of customs and investment reforms during the period (2004–2025), as key determinants of improving the investment climate. The importance of the research lies in assessing the actual impact of customs and legislative reforms on the volume and quality of FDI inflows over a long time horizon. The research problem stems from the unclear ability of these reforms, despite their multiplicity, to generate sustainable investment transformation and diversify investment structures away from the oil sector. The study is based on the hypothesis that gradual customs transformation—particularly in its modernization and digitalization phase—positively influences FDI trends, although this impact remains partial due to persistent institutional and legislative challenges. The research adopts a quantitative analytical approach by examining trends in FDI inflows, customs revenues, and foreign trade volumes, and by comparing average indicators across three economic stages to measure the impact of customs and investment reforms on.

Abstract

The quality of earnings is one of the most controversial topics of financial management because of its modernity, and it represents one of the research breakthroughs in the field of financial sciences, because it led him to shift from the aspect of quantitative financial analysis to qualitative financial analysis, and that his study alongside investment efficiency added another dimension to the presentation of theories, logical relationships and research opinions. In line with the edges of financial knowledge, it formed a philosophical title that measured and analyzed the relationship between the quality of earnings and the efficiency of investment in companies. The quality of returns on investment efficiency through under- and over-investment, the quality of earnings was evaluated using the receivables quality model, and the rest of that model was relied upon, after which the parameter that expresses the quality of earnings, and the efficiency of investment in companies was evaluated using the multiple regression model that takes the size of the investment as A dependent variable, and the determinants of that efficiency are then independent variables, and the rest of that model was relied upon, after which the parameter T expresses the efficiency of investment, the negative residuals express a lack of investment, while the positive residuals express excessive investment. To other companies, as well as an indication of the impact of the quality of earnings on the efficiency of the study, and the results of the study showed that the quality of earnings has an impact on the efficiency of investment in the study sample companies.

Abstract

The research This research aims to demonstrate the importance of financial statements, the determinants of their effectiveness, and their relationship to administrative decisions. The General Authority for Taxes and the General Authority of Customs, both affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Finance, are obligated to implement tax laws. Furthermore, a Tax Policy Department was established within the Economic Department of the Iraqi Ministry of Finance in 2005. This department is responsible for drafting tax laws and developing tax strategy in Iraq. Consequently, decision-makers, assessors, and auditors within the General Authority for Taxes are required to possess professional qualifications and skills that enable them to examine financial data at a high level, particularly data prepared according to International Accounting Standards. They are also responsible for providing electronic software to facilitate administrative decisions aimed at achieving fairness in the distribution of the tax burden, saving time, and enhancing trust between taxpayers and the tax authority. This has made administrative assessment the foundation of the practical application of tax accounting. The research successfully addresses two key questions: First, do financial statements encourage or discourage administrative decision-making? The second question is whether the Iraqi legislator succeeded in achieving a balance between the interests of the state, society, and taxpayers through the tax system. The methodology used in this research was deductive, employing a descriptive approach to analyze financial reports (2021-2023) and an inductive approach using econometric analysis to refute the initial hypothesis: (There is no relationship between financial statements and administrative decisions). This was demonstrated by the results of the assessment memoranda, which showed that the relationship between financial statements and administrative decisions is interconnected, representing a part-whole relationship, as they constitute a significant financial resource and their proportion in the state's public revenues has increased.

Abstract

It is not superfluous to claim that Iraqi banks are not technologically advanced. The aim of this research is to identify the factors that affect the adoption of electronic banking services in the Iraqi banking industry. The researchers focused on discussing and examining three main factors: the technological factor, the systems factor (legal and economic), and the environment factor (internal and external). The researchers used the descriptive approach in presenting and discussing the theoretical framework of the research and previous studies. Then they used the analytical statistical approach in examining the influencing factors. The questionnaire method was used to collect primary data from the research sample, which represented 16 Iraqi banks. 101 questionnaires suitable for analysis were obtained. Compiling the answers and analysing them statistically. The results of the study indicated that the main obstacles facing the Iraqi banking industry in adopting electronic banking services are: security risks, lack of trust, lack of a legal and regulatory framework, lack of information and communications technology infrastructure, and lack of competition between local and foreign banks. The researchers proposed a series of measures that the banking industry and government could take to address the various challenges identified. These measures include: creating a clear set of legal frameworks on the use of technology in the banking industry, supporting the banking industry by investing in ICT infrastructure, and banks should focus on competing in technological innovation rather than the traditional rules of retail banking competition.