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Search Results for Nagham نعمة

Article
The repercussions and repercussions of the drug phenomenon on achieving sustainable development

Nagham نعمة

Pages: 01-02

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Abstract

Drugs are among the most serious problems facing modern societies. Their negative effects are not limited to the individual alone but extend to impact all aspects of social, economic, and environmental life. This phenomenon has grown significantly in recent decades, affecting communities regardless of their level of economic or cultural development. Drug abuse is not restricted to a specific group; it spans different ages and social classes, making it a pressing issue to address in order to maintain social stability.

The drug phenomenon arises at a time when the world faces significant challenges in sustainable development, which aims to balance economic growth, social justice, and environmental protection. This is where the danger of drugs lies, as they represent an obstacle to achieving these goals. Addiction leads to a decline in the economic productivity of individuals and societies, increases the burden on the healthcare system, and exacerbates crime and violence, hindering efforts to improve the quality of life and achieve social justice.

At the same time, drug trafficking contributes to environmental destruction through the excessive exploitation of land and pollution resulting from illegal drug manufacturing and trade. Therefore, sustainable development cannot be achieved in any society without implementing effective strategies to combat the drug phenomenon and reduce its negative impacts.

Article
The impact of artificial intelligence in achieving sustainable development

Nagham نعمة

Pages: 01-03

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Abstract

يؤدي الذكاء الاصطناعي دورا هاما وأساسيا في مختلف مناحي الحياة سيما في السنوات الأخيرة، فلم تعد الاستفادة من الذكاء الاصطناعي مقتصرة على البرمجيات فقط، بل امتدت الى مجالات الطب، والهندسة، والزراعة، وغيرها، وفي الآونة الأخيرة، اتجهت الدول نحو دمج الذكاء الاصطناعي وتوجيهه لتحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة ، بالشكل الذي يتوافق مع مستوى التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والبيئية المستدامة.

ولم تكن الدول العربية بمنأى عن هذه المساعي الدولية للاستفادة من الذكاء الاصطناعي ولاسيما في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة ، في ظل صعوبة الأوضاع الاقتصادية والسياسية والاجتماعية التي تواجهها،  ويزيد من صعوبة تأثيرها كون معظم الدول العربية دولاً نامية ، مما يزيد من أهمية تمسكها بضرورة الاستفادة من تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي من أجل تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة ، وعلى رأسها القضاء على الفقر وتعزيز فرص المساواة بين الجنسين وتحسين مستويات التعليم والصحة.

ويعد تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة من أهم أولويات الدول وخاصة في ظل التحديات المختلفة التي يواجهها العالم سواء تحديات اقتصادية أو سياسية أو بيئية. وفي ظل التطور التكنولوجي اللامحدود وظهور تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي كان لابد أن تتوجه الدول نحو الاستفادة من هذه التقنيات وتطويعها نحو تحقيق أهدافها وخاصة أهداف التنمية المستدامة.

وقد لعبت منظمة اليونسكو دورا فعالا في الاستفادة من الذكاء الاصطناعي في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة من خلال دورها في مساعدة الدول في ذلك وبما يتناسب مع كل دولة حيث تضع المعايير وتساعد في وضع السياسات وبناء قدرات الدولة.

وفي 2019 ظهرت وثيقة (إجماع بكين) والتي وافق فيها ممثلو الدول والمنظمات الدولية والمؤسسات الأكاديمية والمجتمع المدني والمجتمع الخاص على أهمية الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم والبحث العلمي، كما تؤكد الوثيقة على وجود العنصر الإنساني واهميته في نشر تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم لتعزيز التنمية المستدامة وحماية حقوق الانسان من خلال التعاون بين الانسان والالة.

و يمكن تعريف الذكاء الاصطناعي بأنه علم فائق التطور مشتق من علوم الحاسبات يحاكي العقل البشري بأعلى مستويات ذكاؤه ويستخدم لأداء كل المهام البشرية وحل كافة المشاكل التي يواجهها الانسان بطرق تكنولوجية متطورة.

ومن الجدير بالذكر أن الهدف الرئيسي لأبحاث الذكاء الاصطناعي في هذه المرحلة هو  انتاج ابتكارات من شأنها محاكاة الذكاء البشري وأداء نفس مهامه كحل المشكلات واتخاذ القرارات، ولكن مع تطور العالم وتسارع وتيرة الاحتياجات والمشاكل الاقتصادية والبيئية أدرك العلماء أنهم بحاجة الى خوارزميات وتقنيات أكثر تقدما.

وقد أدت جائحة كورونا إلى الزامية توجه العالم نحو استخدام تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي، بل وتحديثها بشكل يساعد على حل أزمة كورونا أو على أقل تقدير الحد من تهديداتها ونتائجها. ومن أبرز استخدامات تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي خلال جائحة كورونا استخدامها في العملية التعليمية وكذلك العملية الطبية.

فضلاً عن  أن تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في عصرنا الحديث تستخدم في شتى المجالات العسكرية والبيئية والاقتصادية والتعليمية ومن بين هذه التطبيقات:

  • السيارات ذاتية القيادة والطائرات بدون طيار.
  • الانسان الآلي والذي يتواجد حاليا في المستشفيات والجامعات وبعض المطارات.
  • برامج الذكاء الاصطناعي في تحليل البيانات الاقتصادية كالبورصة وتطوير أنظمة تداول الأسهم.
  • الأجهزة الذكية القادرة على القيام بالعمليات الذهنية كفحص التصاميم الصناعية، ومراقبة العمليات واتخاذ القرارات.
  • التطبيقات الذكية الخاصة بتحويل الأموال والتعامل مع البنوك.
  • خدمات المنازل الذكية، والأسلحة ذاتية العمل، والهواتف، وأجهزة التلفاز، والاف التطبيقات الأخرى.

ومن الأهمية بمكان حشد الوسائل اللازمة لتنفيذ خطة التنمية المستدامة 2030من خلال تنشيط الشراكة العالمية من أجل تحقيق التنمية المستدامة، على أساس روح من التضامن العالمي المعزز، مع التركيز بوجه خاص على احتياجات الفئات الأشد فقرا والأكثر ضعفا، وبمشاركة من جميع البلدان وجميع أصحاب المصلحة وجميع الشعوب. إذ أن الذكاء الاصطناعي (AI) يمتلك إمكانيات هائلة لدعم وتحقيق التنمية المستدامة عبر تحسين الكفاءة، تقليل الفاقد، وتقديم حلول مبتكرة لمجموعة من التحديات البيئية، الاقتصادية، والاجتماعية.

Article
Enhancing the Role of Female Academics in Iraqi Universities

Nagham نعمة

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Abstract

تعُد المرأة عاملًا حاسمًا في تطوير المجتمع، ودورها في ميدان التعليم يشكل أحد أهم المحاور التي تؤثر في تطور أي مجتمع وسيتم هنا مناقشة دور المرأة في مجال التعليم ، وكيف يمكن لتمكينها أن يسهم في بناء مجتمع أكثر تقدمًا وتطورًا.

أولاً:- تمكين المرأة من التعليم: ان فتح أبواب التعليم أمام المرأة خطوة حيوية نحو تحقيق التقدم وبناء مجتمع يعتمد على المعرفة والتنوع. يلقى هذا الجانب من تمكين المرأة أهمية كبيرة في تحسين وضعها ودورها في المجتمع. دعونا نتناول بتفصيل الأثر الإيجابي لهذه الخطوة:

  • توسيع آفاق المشاركة

عندما تكون فرص التعلم متاحة للمرأة، يتاح لها الفرصة للمشاركة بشكل أكبر في مختلف ميادين الحياة. يمكن للتعليم أن يكون سلمًا لتطوير قدراتها ورفع مستوى مهاراتها، مما يجعلها قادرة على التأثير في مجالات متعددة كالعمل، والثقافة، والسياسة.

2- تحسين الوضع الاقتصادي

تمكين المرأة من التعليم يسهم بشكل فعّال في تحسين وضعها الاقتصادي. فمن خلال اكتسابها للمهارات والمعرفة، تصبح المرأة قوة عاملة متميزة، مما يزيد من فرصها للحصول على وظائف أفضل وأجور أعلى.

3- التشجيع على العدالة

تعمل فرص التعلم العادلة على تشجيع العدالة بين الجنسين. عندما يتاح للمرأة الوصول إلى التعليم بنفس الفعالية التي يتاح فيها للرجل، يتم تعزيز فهم المجتمع لأهمية تكافؤ الحقوق والفرص بين الجنسين.

4- تطوير وتحقيق الذات

التعليم يعزز تطوير الذات ويساعد المرأة على تحقيق طموحاتها وأهدافها الشخصية. إن القدرة على التعلم واكتساب المعرفة تمنح المرأة القوة لاكتساب الاستقلال الذاتي وتحديد مسار حياتها.

تظهر هذه النقاط بشكل واضح أن فتح أبواب التعليم أمام المرأة ليس فقط إشاعة للعدالة الاجتماعية وحقوق الإنسان، بل هو استثمار في المستقبل الذي يستفيد منه المجتمع بأسره. التمكين التعليمي للمرأة يمثل أساسًا لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة والتقدم الاجتماعي.

ثانياُ:- تعزيز قدرات ومهارات المرأة من خلال التعليم

تعتبر تعزيز قدرات ومهارات المرأة عبر التعليم خطوة ضرورية نحو بناء مجتمع يستند إلى الابتكار والتميز. يلعب التعليم دوراً حاسماً في تمكين المرأة وتطوير إمكانياتها، مما يعود بالنفع على المجتمع ككل. دعونا نلقي نظرة عن كثب على كيفية تحقيق هذا الهدف:

1- رفع مستوى التأهيل

عندما تحظى المرأة بفرص التعلم، يتاح لها الفرصة لرفع مستوى تأهيلها الأكاديمي والمهني. تكتسب المهارات والمعرفة التي تجعلها قادرة على التحدي والتفوق في مجالاتها المختلفة، سواء في القطاع العام أو القطاع الخاص.

2- تحفيز الابتكار والإبداع

التعليم يشجع على التفكير الإبداعي ويعزز روح الابتكار لدى المرأة. باكتسابها المهارات اللازمة، تصبح المرأة قادرة على المساهمة في حل المشكلات بشكل إبداعي وتقديم فرص جديدة للتطور في مجتمعها.

3- تحقيق التميز في المجالات المتنوعة

تعمل القدرات والمهارات المكتسبة من خلال التعليم على تمكين المرأة وتمكينها من تحقيق التميز في ميادين مختلفة، سواء كانت ذلك في المجال العلمي، الفني، الرياضي، أو غيرها. هذا التميز يسهم في تغيير الصورة التقليدية لــــــــــــ دور المرأة في المجتمع.

4-الإسهام في التنمية المستدامة

عندما تكون المرأة مؤهلة ومتميزة في مجالاتهـــــــا، تسهم في التنمية المستدامة للمجتمع. فقدراتهــــــــا تصبح جزءاً أساسياً من الاقتصاد والتطور الاجتماعي ، وهي تعزز الاستدامة بمشاركتها الفعّالـــــــــــــة في تشكيــــــــــــــــل مستقبل الأجيال.

في نهاية المطاف، يظهر بوضوح أن تعزيز قدرات ومهارات المرأة من خلال التعليم يعتبر استثماراً حقيقياً في المستقبل، و إن تحقيق ذات المرأة لتميزها ينعكس إيجاباً على المجتمع بأكمله، حيث يصبح لديها دور فاعل في الابتكار والتقدم.

إذ تساهم المرأة بفضل قدرتها على الابتكار في إيجاد حلول مستدامة للتحديات العلميةو يمكن لتفكيرها الابتكاري أن يؤدي إلى اكتشافات مهمة وتطوير تقنيات تسهم في تطوير المجتمع.

وإن المرأة تحمل مسؤولية كبيرة في إثراء المجتمع العلمي من خلال البحث والتحليل، بقدرتها على التفكير النقدي والابتكار، تسهم المرأة في تطوير المعرفة البشرية وتحقيق التقدم العلمي.

Article
The Role of Women in Iraq in Enhancing Climate Change Mitigation: A Vision and Analysis

Nagham Neama, Rasha Abood

Pages: 185-194

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Abstract

Women role in achieving sustainable development becomes as a one of most important issues in societies in general and in Iraq as a special case. She has a great role as her partner (man) has especially in achieving economic development; instead of this fact but the path is still not clear and long to say that! Due to the global numbers that shared internationally without serious scientific logic treatment; where statistical numbers refer that Iraq still in level (154 out of 156) around the world; and for economic & educational sectors in specific, unfortunately Iraqi women register around (0.228/1) and (0.8/1) respectively as Global Economic Institute announced in 2021. 

In order to understand this fact, there is a benefit to review the real role of Iraqi women in establishing societies’ infrastructure and trying to decrease the gap especially in her role in education, health-care, in addition to employ and invest her innovative ideas into pioneer projects.

Article
تحليل تأثير بعض العوامل ذات الصلة بتطور المصارف العراقية وابتكار خدمات إلكترونية جديدة

Nagham Neama, Essam Al-Husseini

Pages: 153-164

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Abstract

It is not superfluous to claim that Iraqi banks are not technologically advanced. The aim of this research is to identify the factors that affect the adoption of electronic banking services in the Iraqi banking industry. The researchers focused on discussing and examining three main factors: the technological factor, the systems factor (legal and economic), and the environment factor (internal and external). The researchers used the descriptive approach in presenting and discussing the theoretical framework of the research and previous studies. Then they used the analytical statistical approach in examining the influencing factors. The questionnaire method was used to collect primary data from the research sample, which represented 16 Iraqi banks. 101 questionnaires suitable for analysis were obtained. Compiling the answers and analysing them statistically. The results of the study indicated that the main obstacles facing the Iraqi banking industry in adopting electronic banking services are: security risks, lack of trust, lack of a legal and regulatory framework, lack of information and communications technology infrastructure, and lack of competition between local and foreign banks. The researchers proposed a series of measures that the banking industry and government could take to address the various challenges identified. These measures include: creating a clear set of legal frameworks on the use of technology in the banking industry, supporting the banking industry by investing in ICT infrastructure, and banks should focus on competing in technological innovation rather than the traditional rules of retail banking competition.

Article
Renewable Energy and Its Role in Maintaining Climate Balance

Nagham نعمة

Pages: 01-03

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Abstract

 

Renewable Energy and Its Role in Maintaining Climate Balance

The intensity of global climate challenges is increasing, prompting a focus on renewable energy production to achieve the necessary climate balance. Reports from global institutions and specialized organizations indicate that greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced by nearly half by 2030 to avoid the worst effects of climate change and reach net-zero emissions by 2050.

Global reports highlight that a significant portion of greenhouse gases surrounding the Earth, which trap the Sun’s heat, is generated through energy production by burning fossil fuels to produce electricity and heat. Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, are by far the largest contributors to global climate change, accounting for more than 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90% of all carbon dioxide emissions.

The role of renewable energy sources (abundantly available around us through the sun, wind, water, waste, and geothermal energy) stands out due to their natural availability. These sources emit little to no greenhouse gases or pollutants, making them a critical component in combating climate change.

Article
Entrepreneurial universities and their role in knowledge investment

Nagham Neama

Pages: 01-02

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Abstract

الجامعات العصرية اليوم لم تعد تقتصر على التعليم ، بل امتد دورها للمساهمة في الناتج المحلي الاجمالي ووضع أسس بناء مجتمع المعرفة للمستقبل.

وقد شهد العقد الأخير في التعليم العالي العالمي تحولاً جذرياً في النظم الإدارية الجامعية والثقافة التنظيمية لتواكب العولمة والمكانة الدولية بين المؤسسات التعليمية ، وشاع الانسحاب الجزئي من الاعتماد على الدعم الحكومي الكامل، والخدمة المحلية إلى الاستثمار المعرفي والتسويق الدولي.

هذا المفهوم الجديد الذي بدأ يتشكل علمياً في بداية الألفية الجديدة ، الذي يدعو إلى أن أحد أهم الأدوار الرئيسة للجامعة الريادية ، المساهمة في التنمية الاقتصادية من خلال إطلاق المشاريع الابتكارية المنتجة.

ان الجامعة الريادية Entrepreneurial university هي الجامعة التي يمكنها الابتكار والتعاون واغتنام الفرص والاستجابة بنجاح للصعوبات.

وستتمكن الجامعات الريادية من البقاء في سوق تنافسية للغاية ، إذا كانت لديها خطط واضحة لإثبات التميز في التدريس والبحث العلمي وريادة الأعمال.

كما تسعى الجامعات الريادية إلى أن تصبح جامعات "قائمة بذاتها" تلعب دورًا مهمًا وتقدم وتدعم مختلف تدابير الدعم لأنشطة ريادة الأعمال من خلال التعاون الوثيق مع الشركاء والشبكات مع مؤسسات القطاعين العام والخاص من خلال الاستثمار في رأس مالها الاجتماعي من أجل تسهيل إنشاء واستثمار المعرفة والتكنولوجيا.

وتعرف الجامعة الريادية على انها الجامعة التي تركز على التأثير الاقتصادي للمساهمات المجتمعية، وتنمية ريادة الأعمال في التعليم، وتسويق البحوث.

فيما يعرف التعليم الريادي بأنه: مجموعة من الأنشطة تهدف إلى رعاية العقليات والمهارات الريادية، كما يغطي مجموعة واسعة من جوانب أخرى مثل ( توليد الفكرة، النمو، والابتكار، فينبغي على التعليم الريادي ان يطور قيم ومعتقدات واتجاهات الطلبة، بحيث ينظرون لريادة الأعمال كخيار جذاب للعمل .

ويمكن القول بأنه جملة من أنماط التعليم المنتظم، الذي يقوم على تعليم وتدريب المشاركين في برامج التنمية المختلفة، والمتمثلة في وضع برنامج توعوي بأهمية الريادة ومن ثم تأسيس وتطوير مشروعات الأعمال الصغرى؛ فتسهم هذه الأساليب التعليمية لتزويد المشاركين بحزمة من المهارات المتعلقة بالريادة وتحفيزهم لمزيد من التعلم والإبداع والثقة في الذات.

وبذلك فأن التعليم الريادي يهدف غلى تطوير الابتكار والمبادرة لدى الفرد، من خلال المشاركة في بناء المعرفة عن طريق اكتساب المعلومات وتوليدها ومعالجتها، ليصبح الفرد بارعًا في بيئته، ويقدم مقترحات عمل قيمة لنفسه ولمجتمعه، ويسعى للاستفادة من الفرص الجديدة.

ويمكن بيان الدور الأساسي الذي يمكن أن يؤديه رواد الأعمال في بناء اقتصادات الدول وتنمية قدراتها التنافسية العالمية. ففي أمريكا ذاتها تحقق مشاريع رواد الأعمال الصغيرة ما يزيد على  47%من إجمالي المبيعات الكلية ، ويزيد عددها على 22 مليون مشروع صغير، كما تقوم بتوظيف نحو  53%من القوى العاملة، وتسهم بما نسبته  50%من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي الأمريكي.

وتصل هذه المساهمة إلى 43% في كوريا الجنوبية و 56%في تايوان و 60%في الصين و 70% في هونج كونج في حين لا تتجاوز مساهمتها  28%في السعودية.

وتعد تلك المشاريع أساسا لتطور الدولة ونمو اقتصادها وتنافسية موقعها الدولي. وقد أوضحت الإحصاءات المنشورة في عام 2019م أن إجمالي الإنفاق على ريادة الأعمال في الولايات المتحدة تجاوز (1.7 مليار) دولار ثم قفز هذا الإنفاق ليصل إلى (2.3 مليار) دولار عام 2021.

إن الهدف الرئيس للتعليم الريادي في الجامعة، هو إعداد جيل من الرياديين والمبدعين في مجال الأعمال، يقدمون إبداعًا على شكل منتج أو خدمة، أو عملية أو مدخل جديد من الأعمال أو مشروع جديدًان أو اختراعًا او اكتشافًا، وقد حددت الأهداف التفصيلية والفرعية للتعليم الريادي في الجامعات على النحو الاتي:

  1. زيادة وعي الطلبة حول التوظيف الذاتي.
  2. بناء اتجاهات إيجابية للطلبة نحو الريادة، وتعزيز الروح والنزعة الريادية وإثارة الدافعية لدى الطلبة لبناء تصور أفضل لمهنة المستقبل.
  3. تطوير السمات والمهارات الشخصية للطلبة، تساعدهم لبناء قاعدة للتفكير والسلوك الريادي.
  4. تعزيز التنمية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في المجتمع، من خلال عمليات التحديث والتجديد التي يحدثها الرياديون في جميع المجالات التي سيعملون بها في المستقبل.
  5. تعزيز مهارات بناء العلاقات والاتصال الإيجابي في بيئة تربوية لمهنة المستقبل.

Article
عمليات الدفع الالكتروني في العراق: الواقع والتحديات

Nagham نعمة

Pages: 01-02

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تعتبر عملية الدفع الإلكتروني التي تًعرف online payment عملية مالية متكاملة من النظم والبرامج يتم تقديمها لتسهيل الإجراءات المالية عبر الإنترنت. إن الدفع عبر الإنترنت هو عبارة عن صرف إلكتروني للعملة لشراء السلع أو الخدمات. وتعمل هذه العملية وفقًا لقوانين تضمن سرية وخصوصية إجراءات البيع والشراء.

وقد تنامت بشكلٍ لافتٍ للانتباه ، عمليات "الدفع الإلكتروني" في العراق ، سواء في الأماكن الخاصَّة كالشركات والمتاجر والأسواق ، أو في الوزارات والمؤسسات الحكوميَّة التي باتت تعتمد هذا النظام، أنَّ عمليات "الدفع الإلكتروني" لها فوائد كبيرة وتسهمُ في مجالاتٍ متعددة منها مكافحة الفساد وهدر الأموال وتقليل الضائعات من المبالغ الضريبيَّة، فضلاً عن تسريع وتيرة الأعمال للأفراد بعيداً عن طوابير التعاملات الورقيَّة في الدفع النقدي .وأنَّ اعتماد "الدفع الإلكتروني" يعدُّ إحدى بوابات العراق للتحول نحو اقتصادٍ متطورٍ ومتنامٍ.

وفي ظل التحول الرقمي المتسارع، يُشكّل (الدفع الإلكتروني) ركيزة أساسيَّة لنهضة العراق الماليَّة، إذ يُتيح شمولًا ماليًا أوسع، ويمنح شرائح كبيرة من المجتمع فرصة الاندماج في النظام المصرفي، الأمر الذي يُقلل من الاقتصاد الموازي ويعزز الاستقرار النقدي".

كما أنَّ "اعتماد (الدفع الإلكتروني) يُسهم في مكافحة الفساد، إذ يجعل التلاعب بالأموال أكثر صعوبة بفضل الشفافيَّة التي يوفرها، ما يضمن توجيه الموارد نحو التنمية الفعليَّة بدلًا من الهدر، ومن جهة أخرى، يدفع عجلة التجارة الإلكترونيَّة إلى الأمام، فيفتح الأبواب أمام المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة للنمو، ويُيسر عمليات البيع والشراء عبر الإنترنت، الأمر الذي يُحفز بيئة ريادة الأعمال والابتكار".

كما وتجدر الإشارة الى أنَّ "فوائد (الدفع الإلكتروني) لا تقتصر على قطاع الأعمال، بل تمتد إلى الحياة اليوميَّة، إذ يُسرّع وتيرة المعاملات الماليَّة، فلا مزيد من الطوابير الطويلة أو العمليات الورقيَّة المُرهقة، بل معاملات تُنجز بلحظاتٍ في المتاجر، وعبر التطبيقات الذكيَّة، وفي المؤسسات الحكوميَّة".

فضلا عن أنه يُسهم أيضاً في تحسين كفاءة تحصيل الإيرادات الحكوميَّة، ما يُقلل من التهرب الضريبي، ويُوفر سيولةً تدعم مشاريع البنية التحتيَّة والخدمات العامة".

وعلى صعيد الأمان، فإنَّ الاعتماد على (الدفع الإلكتروني) يُقلل من مخاطر حمل النقود الورقيَّة، ويُوفر أنظمة حماية متطورة ضد السرقة والتزوير، فضلاً عن دوره في الحد من غسل الأموال عبر مراقبة التدفقات الماليَّة.

أنَّ القطاع المصرفي يشهدُ تطورًا متزايدًا، يُساعد (الدفع الإلكتروني) على توسيع قاعدة العملاء وتعزيز الخدمات الماليَّة، كما يُمهد الطريق أمام تقنيات متقدمة مثل (الذكاء الاصطناعي) و(البلوك تشين) – وهي تقنيَّة لامركزيَّة وقاعدة بيانات مشفرة لتسجيل المعاملات بطريقة آمنة وشفافة - ما يُتيح تقديم خدمات ماليَّة أكثر ذكاءً وكفاءة.

وبالإضافة إلى ما سبق ذكره، فإنَّ (الدفع الإلكتروني) يدعم الاقتصاد الأخضر، إذ يُقلل من الاعتماد على الأوراق النقديَّة، ويحدّ من استهلاك الوقود عبر تقليل الحاجة إلى التنقل لإنجاز المعاملات، ما يُعزز التنمية المستدامة، كما يُسهل عمليات التحويلات الماليَّة، لا سيما في بلدٍ يعتمد على التحويلات الخارجيَّة، إذ يُوفر وسيلة سريعة وآمنة لإيصال الأموال إلى مستحقيها، الأمر الذي يدعمُ الأفراد وينشط الاقتصاد المحلي.

ورغم التحديات التي تعترضُ طريقه، من بنية تحتيَّة بحاجة إلى التطوير وثقة مجتمعيَّة قيد البناء، يظل (الدفع الإلكتروني) بوابة العراق نحو اقتصاد أكثر تطورًا، إذ تُصبح الأموال أكثر أمانًا، والمعاملات أكثر سرعة، والتنمية أكثر استدامة، في خطوة تُمهّد لمستقبلٍ ماليٍ رقمي واعد.

كما إنَّ التعامل بالدفع والتسلم الإلكتروني يعملُ على إدارة الكتل النقديَّة بأقل تكلفة وأعلى شفافيَّة، وبذلك تكون الأموال المتداولة في المصارف معروفة، ولا يكون هناك داعٍ للتحفظ عند منح الضمانات وإعطاء القروض، هذا في ما يتعلق بالجهاز المصرفي، أما في ما يتعلق بفائدة تطبيق (الدفع الإلكتروني) للحكومة فإنَّها ستحصل على إيراداتها بشكلٍ مباشرٍ الى خزينة الدولة، وهذا ما يسمى بـ (الحساب الخزيني الموحد) أي تدخل الأموال بشكلٍ مباشر للموازنة، وهذا ما يتمثل بشكل إيجابي ويقلل من التعثرات المتعلقة باستحصال ايرادات الضرائب وغيرها.

لذا فأنَّ أهميَّة (الدفع الإلكتروني) تكمنُ في أشياءٍ مهمة، بينها استكمال دورة الدخل التي تذهب الى المصارف وتكون التدفقات النقديَّة عالية بالنسبة للحكومة، وبالتالي ترفد الخزينة من دون تعثراتٍ بموارد ماليَّة، أما الشيء الآخر فإنَّ الجهاز المصرفي يكون بأرصدة معروفة ولا يكون متردداً في منح الافتراضات، وهو يكمل النشاط الاقتصادي على أكمل وجه.

وقد شهدت المؤسسات والدوائر كافة في العراق خطواتٍ متسارعة لتطبيق نظام الدفع الإلكتروني، وفي شهر آب من العام الماضي أعلن البنك المركزي العراقي، زيادة قياسيَّة في عمليات الدفع الإلكتروني من 800 مليارٍ إلى تريليوني دينار في عامٍ واحدٍ، مشيراً الى أنَّ المدفوعات الحكوميَّة وصلت الى 912 مليار دينار خلال تموز 2024.

وان إصدار عملة رقمية خاصة بالبنك المركزي، سيمثل قفزة نوعية بنظام المدفوعات الوطني ويعزز الشفافية. إذ إن "البنك المركزي يتجه لإصدار عملة رقمية كبديل تدريجي للعملة الورقية"، وأن هذا التوجه يمثل قفزة نوعية في نظام المدفوعات الوطني الرقمي". وأن تلك الخطوة ستحقق فوائد عديدة، منها تقليل التسرب النقدي، وخفض تكاليف الطباعة، والحد من تداول العملة الورقية خارج النظام المصرفي، فضلاً عن تقليل الحاجة إلى طباعة النقود بشكل متكرر، مما يخفض التكاليف المرتبطة بإنتاجها وتوزيعها، الى جانب تعزيز الشفافية والسيطرة على التدفقات المالية وإمكانية تتبع السيولة الرقمية واتجاهات الإنفاق، سواء كان استهلاكياً، أو ادخارياً، أو استثمارياً، علاوة على تحسين الرقابة على رأس المال والتحويلات الخارجية، ودعم جهود مكافحة غسل الأموال.

هذا وأن العملات الرقمية تسهم في تحقيق الشمول المالي، لا سيما للفئات الأقل اندماجاً في النظام المصرفي، ما يسهم في تعزيز الاندماج الاقتصادي والاجتماعي. كما أن الانتقال إلى العملة الرقمية يتطلب بنية تحتية تقنية قوية، تشمل شبكات إنترنت موثوقة ومتطورة، وأنظمة أمن سيبراني متقدمة لحماية البيانات والمعاملات، فضلاً عن تعزيز ثقافة القبول المجتمعي للعملات الرقمية، بدءًا من الجهات الحكومية، عبر استخدامها في عمليات الجباية والمعاملات الرسمية.

وبذلك فأن النقد الرقمي سيحافظ على وظائفه التقليدية كوحدة حساب ومدفوعات وادخار، مع إمكانية استخدامه عبر الإنترنت والهواتف الذكية، مما سيسهم في تطوير بيئة مالية أكثر استقراراً وكفاءة.

Article
ريادة الأعمال والتحول الرقمي في الاقتصاد المعاصر

Nagham نعمة

Pages: 01-01

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يعد التحول الرقمي من أهم المحركات التي أعادت تشكيل بيئة الأعمال في الاقتصاد المعاصر، حيث أسهمت التقنيات الرقمية في خلق فرص جديدة لرواد الأعمال لتأسيس مشاريع مبتكرة وتقديم منتجات وخدمات بطرق أكثر كفاءة ومرونة. وفي هذا السياق، أصبحت ريادة الأعمال مرتبطة ارتباطاً وثيقاً بالتكنولوجيا الرقمية، مما أدى إلى ظهور نماذج أعمال جديدة تعتمد على الابتكار والسرعة في الاستجابة لمتطلبات السوق.

تشير ريادة الأعمال إلى عملية إنشاء وتطوير مشاريع جديدة تعتمد على الابتكار وتحمل المخاطر بهدف تحقيق قيمة اقتصادية واجتماعية. ويتميز رائد الأعمال بالقدرة على استثمار الفرص وتحويل الأفكار إلى مشاريع ناجحة تسهم في خلق فرص العمل وتحفيز النمو الاقتصادي.

أما التحول الرقمي فهو هو عملية دمج التقنيات الرقمية في مختلف الأنشطة الاقتصادية والإدارية، بما يؤدي إلى تغيير جذري في طريقة عمل المؤسسات وتقديم الخدمات. ويشمل ذلك استخدام التقنيات الحديثة مثل الذكاء الاصطناعي، الحوسبة السحابية، تحليل البيانات الضخمة، والتجارة الإلكترونية.

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الاستثمار في اقتصاديات الكاربون وتأثيره في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة

Nagham Neama

Pages: 01-02

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في ظل التحديات البيئية المتزايدة والتغيرات المناخية الحادة، باتت الحاجة ملحة إلى اعتماد نماذج اقتصادية مستدامة تراعي الحفاظ على البيئة وتدعم في الوقت ذاته النمو الاقتصادي والاجتماعي. ويُعد الاستثمار في اقتصاديات الكربون أحد أبرز الحلول المطروحة لتحقيق هذا التوازن، كونه يدمج بين تقليل الانبعاثات الكربونية وتعزيز الابتكار الاقتصادي الأخضر. تتناول هذه الورقة البحثية العلاقة بين هذا النوع من الاستثمار وأهداف التنمية المستدامة، مع التركيز على الفرص والتحديات المرتبطة به، وأمثلة دولية وعربية ناجحة في هذا المجال.

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دور التحول الرقمي في تعزيز المنافسة العادلة ومنع الاحتكار في سوق العمل

Nagham Naama

Pages: 01-01

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يُعدّ التحول الرقمي أحد أبرز العوامل التي أعادت تشكيل ديناميات الأسواق المعاصرة، إذ أسهم في تعزيز مفاهيم الشفافية والعدالة في البيئة التنافسية. فالتحول الرقمي، بوصفه عملية متكاملة لتوظيف التقنيات الحديثة كالذكاء الاصطناعي، وتحليل البيانات الضخمة، والمنصات الإلكترونية، مكّن الجهات التنظيمية والمشاركين في السوق من الوصول الفوري إلى المعلومات، ومتابعة الأنشطة الاقتصادية بدقة عالية. وقد أدى ذلك إلى الحد من الممارسات الاحتكارية، وزيادة قدرة المستهلكين على المقارنة والاختيار الحر، مما يعزز من عدالة المنافسة بين الشركات. كما ساهمت التحولات الرقمية في خفض الحواجز أمام الدخول إلى الأسواق، إذ أتاحت للشركات الصغيرة والناشئة فرصاً متكافئة للتوسع والمنافسة عبر الوسائط الرقمية.

ومن جهة أخرى، أوجد التحول الرقمي بيئة رقابية أكثر فاعلية، تتيح للسلطات المختصة مراقبة الأسواق وتحليل الأنماط السلوكية غير التنافسية باستخدام أدوات التحليل الذكي. ومع ذلك، يبقى تحقيق المنافسة العادلة في ظل الاقتصاد الرقمي مرهوناً بقدرة الدول على تطوير تشريعات رقمية متقدمة تضمن حماية البيانات، وتمنع هيمنة المنصات الكبرى، وتسد الفجوة الرقمية بين الفاعلين الاقتصاديين.

وعليه، يمكن القول إن التحول الرقمي يمثل ركيزة أساسية لتحقيق المنافسة العادلة، بشرط أن يُدار ضمن إطار مؤسسي وتنظيمي متوازن يحقق العدالة والابتكار في آنٍ واحد. وهو عملية توظيف التقنيات الرقمية (مثل الذكاء الاصطناعي، والبيانات الضخمة، والمنصات الإلكترونية) لإعادة تشكيل العمليات الاقتصادية والإدارية والخدمية.

واما المنافسة العادلة فهي البيئة التي تتاح فيها الفرص لجميع الفاعلين الاقتصاديين على نحو متكافئ، دون احتكار أو تمييز أو ممارسات غير نزيهة.

Article
Enhancing sustainability reporting and the quality of financial reporting within the framework of internal audit: A study of his analysis of the opinions of employees of some Islamic banks in the province of Baghdad

جنان Khedr, نغم Neama

Pages: 2-15

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The study aims to find the relationship between internal auditing of the quality of sustainability reports and the quality of financial reports after auditing, and the extent to which banks respond. Based on the changes resulting from stakeholders and their pressures on an ongoing basis  To come to the conclusion that the preparation of high-quality sustainability reports has a significant positive correlation with the quality of financial reports after auditing, the correlation between the quality of sustainability reports and the quality of financial reports after audit is conditional on the quality of the audit process. The results of the study showed that Islamic banks rely on reporting principles that focus on the quality of sustainability reports and these principles are particularly important for stakeholders to determine the quality of sustainability reports. the quality of the audit process has an impact on improving the quality of sustainability and financial reports by increasing confidence and credibility of accounting information and the absence of errors, and manipulating accounts, which improves the quality of information, leading to its reliance on decision-making. The study recommended that Islamic banks conduct internal audits based on "quality control" in order to reach a professional and impartial report by the Internal Audit Department that benefits all stakeholders and shareholders, and to apply the six rules of the principles of quality sustainability reports, through full disclosure of information, statement of impacts, assistance to stakeholders or beneficiary clients in decision-making, identification of procedures and the development of proposed hypotheses for the preparation of such disclosures.

Article
نشر ثقافة تدوير النفايات ودورها في الاستدامة البيئية

Nagham Neama

Pages: 01-02

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تُعدّ مشكلة النفايات من أبرز التحديات البيئية التي تواجه المجتمعات المعاصرة نتيجة النمو السكاني والتوسع الحضري والتطور الصناعي. وقد برزت ثقافة تدوير النفايات كأحد الحلول الفعالة لتحقيق الاستدامة البيئية من خلال تقليل التلوث والمحافظة على الموارد الطبيعية وتحقيق التنمية المستدامة.

Article
Digital Transformation and Sustainable Management in Iraqi Universities

Nagham Neama

Pages: 01-02

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Universities worldwide have recognized the challenges of digital transformation in the face of rapid technological advancements, which have become an integral part of the educational system for all academic programs. This integration brings numerous advantages to all stakeholders in the educational process. Traditional methods, techniques, and tools have become outdated, prompting universities to enter into agreements with specialized global companies in technology, software, and tools. These agreements aim to equip their infrastructure for the educational process across various academic programs and disciplines, building knowledge and skills for students and preparing them for the job market in the era of digital transformation affecting all sectors.

Digital transformation is no longer an option but a necessity for institutions striving to enhance their efficiency and ensure their sustainability. The rapid growth of digital technology, advancements in smart devices and systems, increased data processing capabilities, and artificial intelligence have led to revolutionary changes. Dealing with the digital society requires investment in human resources and competencies possessing digital skills, capabilities, passion, ambition, and dialogue. This entails adopting a comprehensive approach to teaching methods, focusing on future requirements.

As mentioned earlier, digital transformation has become an urgent necessity that educational institutions seek to establish and dedicate. Educational technologies and digital platforms are not just concepts; they are now essential practices for the educational and learning processes. Universities need to leverage digital technologies to improve educational processes and practices, enhance learner and teacher experiences, and support the creation of effective and enduring educational models. Digital transformation helps universities operate more efficiently, remain competitive in global rankings and accreditations, and succeed in preparing learners for digital work environments.

In this context, digitization is a necessity in higher education institutions, attracting top students and improving the experience of courses, educational materials, and training processes in general. It enables monitoring and tracking to identify obstacles and challenges in training and reduce the risk of dropout. However, hesitation in understanding and seizing opportunities to move towards this digital environment still exists. It is essential for digital transformation to align with communication principles, ensuring its commitment to meet the expectations of various groups interested in economic, social, and environmental dimensions.

Article
Renewable energy and the risks of lithium batteries: An analytical study of the challenges of hazardous waste management and their implications for environmental sustainability

Karrar Abd, Nagham Neama

Pages: 194-202

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The research aims to analyze the complex paradox between the necessity of expanding the use of clean and renewable energy sources as a primary objective of sustainable development, and the inherent risks associated with using lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) as high-reliability and high-efficiency energy storage devices, given the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. The research problem was summarized by assessing the capacity and flexibility of international measures and policies aimed at achieving sustainable development in confronting the inherent risks and challenges arising from the use of these batteries. The most prominent findings indicated a significant and growing negative impact on the (social, environmental, and economic) advantages achieved by expanding clean and renewable energy production. Consequently, there are negative repercussions on the (economic, social, and environmental) dimensions of the sustainable development process. The most important recommendations strongly emphasized the necessity of enacting legislation to regulate the management of this type of hazardous waste. Furthermore, they stressed the need for adequate support from stakeholders, particularly producers, to ensure that the current poor regulation and management of these practices do not cast their heavy shadow onto governments in the future, compelling them to deal with the resulting crises.

Article
The role of green banks in achieving environmental sustainability: A field study in a sample of Iraqi banks

ابراهيم Abbood, نغم Neama

Pages: 75-86

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The research aims to review the role of green banking in achieving environmental sustainability, by clarifying the basic concepts of green banks and environmental sustainability, and identifying the most important advantages of green banks, and thus showing the effectiveness of using green banking products and services in achieving environmental sustainability.

The study was carried out in a sample of Iraqi banks, and to achieve the goal of the research, the questionnaire was used as a main tool for data collection, and it consists of (50) paragraphs for the purpose of measuring the dimensions of the study, according to the (Likart) scale with five-weights, and statistical methods were used to process the data for the purpose of reaching the results. Depending on the statistical analysis program (SPSS).

The research has a main hypothesis that there is a statistically significant relationship between green banks and environmental sustainability. The research reached a main conclusion, which is that Iraqi banks possess great material and human capabilities that, through their proper employment, can play a greater role in the process of protecting the environment.

And the most important recommendations of the research is the necessity of cooperation and unifying efforts between the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance by drawing a road map for converting all Iraqi banks to green banks that care about the environment.

Article
Evaluate the entrepreneurial trend in the success of small and medium enterprises (Jordan and Malaysia experience as a model)

Nagham Neama, Hamzah Al-Ward

Pages: 13 - 21

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This research aims to demonstrate the importance of entrepreneurship in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the State of Malaysia, as interest in entrepreneurship has increased at the present time, due to technological progress and the competitive environment of local, international and global projects that had a great impact on the business environment. Entrepreneurship is important in the growth of the economy The country at the macro level and on the growth and expansion of projects and their access to material and financial resources, in order to gain customer satisfaction, increase profitability and market share, and small and medium enterprises can only thrive in a society in which there is an entrepreneurial spirit, love of free work, willingness to take risks, adopt new ideas and understand the mechanisms of competition In the global market. The research problem arises in showing the level of entrepreneurship in Jordan and Malaysia, and this will be done through three sections, the first one includes the theoretical side of the research, and the second topic includes an analysis of the experiences of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and Malaysia, and the third topic includes an analysis of Jordan’s data on entrepreneurship

Article
Professional ethics and organizational work values

Nagham Manager

Pages: 01-02

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Introduction to professional ethics and organizational work values:

In recent years, we have seen the emergence of some concepts of social responsibility. These concepts are considered contemporary concepts, so there must be a reinforcement of these social concepts. We find that some institutions emphasize their developmental role and sense of social responsibility within the communities in which they are located. This social participation is not only important in the sense of responsibility, but has become a necessity to win the sympathy, respect, and appreciation of communities.

We find that the concept of work ethics is one of the most important social principles that stem from the full belief in the values of work, as each individual is responsible for the work he does. Of course, the concept of work ethics is closely linked to the people who perform their work in a skillful way. This does not stop at an authority or institution, whether in the public or private sector. Therefore, institutions have focused their attention specifically on work ethics and values. They seek to develop good morals such as honesty, integrity, commitment, striving for excellence, loyalty, righteousness, respect for others, and appreciating time and good use of it. They also seek to fight against everything that is not appropriate for virtuous ethics while adhering to high values for their multiple benefits for individuals, societies, and high-quality relationships.

Let's focus more on another aspect of ethical values and how they become more complex when there are situations where values conflict with other things in our lives. We know that ethics is a set of rules that define the proper behavior and also define the improper behavior. These ethical rules tell us when our behavior is acceptable and when it is rejected. We note that ethical rules exist in all societies and organizations, despite the differences that exist between one individual and another, but they are considered ethical rules that govern the behavior of humans to determine for them when their actions are right or wrong.

As for business ethics, it does not differ much from the rules of ethics that govern the behavior of individuals in our societies, and it applies the general ethical rules that govern the behavior of business organizations.

In light of this, we note the legal aspect of ethical behavior, that is, the behavior considered ethical is also legal and preferred by society and encouraged. However, there are sometimes unethical behaviors that are difficult to consider illegal. For example, when a worker takes more time than necessary to perform a particular task, is this ethical behavior? Also, when one of the workers uses the work phone for personal calls, thus the institution bears the loss of the worker's time, and bears the costs of the calls made by the worker, or he claims to be sick and does not go to work... And such behavior is not punishable by law, but many people consider some or all of them unethical.

Work is of great importance to man, as it is his source of income and livelihood. Therefore, man seeks to preserve it by adhering to work ethics and values. Let us get to know through the following lines the concept of work ethics and the importance of adherence and commitment to work ethics. It has great importance for the individual and the institution in which he works, such as enhancing the interaction between workers in a large way, which raises the efficiency of performance, improving the image and reputation of the institution, and protecting employees from fear about their future in it and depriving them of incentives and promotions on time. In addition to increasing production and profits, this is a result of each employee's commitment to perform his duties towards his work, as one of the most important work ethics is honesty, and proper time management and not exploiting work time to serve personal interests, and disrupt the interests of work and customers as some people do, and working to succeed in forming good relationships with customers, which guarantees their continuous dealings with the institution.

We can follow a set of methods and methods in order to consolidate and consolidate the ethics and values of work, such as the individual's evaluation of his performance himself, and punishing himself for the mistake he commits without being monitored by anyone. This is because he fears God Almighty, and therefore he strives to perfect his work. Administratively, this is known as the application of self-control methods. Not discriminating between workers, everyone must be subject to punishment when they are wrong, regardless of whether they are a manager, worker, or employee. They are all equal, so that the owners of senior positions in the institution do not believe that they are above punishment, which prompts them to not comply with labor regulations. Among the methods and ways to consolidate the ethics and values of work are:

  • Encouraging employees to develop their performance, and this is done by linking good performance with rewards and incentives. The employee always needs someone to encourage him to give his best for the benefit of work.
  • Raising awareness among the ranks of workers of the importance of work and that it is their source of income, and the need to preserve it and master it well, which leads to increasing the profits of the institution and raising their standard of living.

Article
Assessing the banking entrepreneurial of joint stock companies: An applied study in a sample of Iraqi private commercial banks

Nagham Neama, Noor Mohammed

Pages: 119 -124

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The research aims to find out the extent of the existence of Banking Entrepreneurial in private ethnic commercial banks, as all banks seeking Entrepreneurial need to be able to manage able to find a kind of harmony, between their capabilities and technical skills and total knowledge, and possessing the vision of the future to achieve the bank's objectives, to reach a strong competitive position, and highlight the problem of how interested private banks are in the pure leadership of the research sample banks is (Ashur Bank Al-Mansour Bank, Baghdad Bank) has found a weakness in the indicators of banking leadership and recommended the need to adopt a culture of Banking Entrepreneurial and support creativity and innovation and encourage it. The research will be dealt with through four investigations, the first research includes the methodology of the research, the second discussed the theoretical aspect of the research and the third research included the practical aspect of the research, and the fourth discussed the conclusions and recommendations

Article
نحو استراتيجية لتحقيق الاستدامة البيئية

نغم Neama

Pages: 01-03

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Article
The impact of universal banks on financial inclusion: A Study on the Malaysian Model

Mustafa Hamoodi, Nagham Neama

Pages: 207-222

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Financial inclusion, defined as the process of ensuring access to appropriate financial services for all individuals and businesses, plays a crucial role in driving economic development and reducing poverty. In this context, universal banks—also known as full-service or universal banks—have emerged as key players in promoting financial inclusion by offering a wide range of financial services under one roof. These institutions provide individuals and businesses with access to savings, credit, insurance, investments, and payment services, which are essential for participating in modern economic activities.

Article
Digital archiving: an inevitable necessity, not just an intellectual luxury?

Nagham Neama

Pages: 01

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In today's highly competitive business environment, information is the most important resource for all organizations, whether in the public or private sector. In most cases, this information is found in paper documents. Information capture systems (scanning, indexing) represent the first step in information management, allowing documents to be converted from a physical to an electronic format, as well as extracting the required information from them through digital archiving.

We also record our personal experiences and life events digitally on computers, phones, and other electronic devices, in the form of documents, emails, images, social media, and audio/video files. So, here digitization and digital archiving are very important?

Digitization and digital archiving, as an information security system, helps you to better manage personal information and records in digital repositories in an effective and secure way. It is about how you manage information and how you can make the most of it in an effective way that benefits you and your organization.

Digital archiving of documents is one of the main drivers of economic transformation, as information analysis allows you to benefit from making better decisions, which is essential for any organization regardless of its size, type, or complexity.

The development of technology and electronic communication systems in our lives has made it necessary to adopt them as a solution to the old problems that organizations face in their work. The difficulty of storing paper and keeping it safe from damage, despite the urgent need to return to it at times, led to the invention of a way to invest this technology in storing documents and information electronically. This resulted in the emergence of what is called digital archiving. Digital archiving is a necessity for website owners and businesses, as it is safe and secure in storing and retrieving all the required electronic data and files over the long term.

The process of digital archiving works to index electronic documents and files, and keep them until they are needed. It organizes this data and provides a copy of the original for use in research, auditing, and legal purposes.

The importance of digital archiving can be summarized in the following points:

  • Quick access to the required information compared to the traditional archive method.
  • No need to return to the paper archive and search through piles of papers.
  • The ability to keep a huge amount of information that paper archiving cannot sometimes store.
  • Reducing the number of employees (hidden unemployment) and tools, thus reducing the financial cost of companies.
  • Facilitating the process of information exchange and sharing with others.
  • Dispensing with unnecessary data.
  • Developing the efficiency and quality of work using modern technologies.
  • No need for large spaces in offices and institutions, and utilizing this space for more useful work.
  • Conserving the environment by reducing waste and saving paper.

Digital archiving can also store a large number of data and information that is difficult to store in the traditional archive as it is an effective and scalable method.

Digital archiving plays an important role in meeting regulatory requirements through the use of technologies. The data stored is not subject to change or modification. Through digital archiving, you can find the required information regardless of its size.

In addition to providing security means for information by identifying the people who can access it with the ability for more than one user to enter at the same time. Digital archiving also features ease of use remotely, the ability to meet the needs of the organization, and at the same time reduces the risks that the organization may face during work. In addition to its ability to restore damaged data, the ability to export data and save incoming faxes and types of emails, and the ease of handling different types of files.

Therefore, the emergence of modern information technologies has necessitated a re-examination of the traditional concepts related to the archive and the processing of its contents of documents and dealing with them. The digital archive has emerged in all its technological dimensions, and it has taken on great importance due to its close association with the contemporary digital environment, going beyond the idea of digitization and electronic archiving of the traditional paper archive, to electronic practice in a purely digital environment. There are institutions that produce, store, and retrieve their archives in a purely electronic way in unprecedented conditions traditionally.

Additional notes:

  • I have tried to preserve the meaning of the original text as much as possible while making it grammatically correct and fluent in English.
  • I have also added some clarifications and explanations where necessary to make the text easier to understand for an English-speaking audience.
  • I have used the term "digital archiving" throughout the translation, as this is the most common term used in English to refer to this concept.

Article
Challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in enhancing payment security and customer experience: A comparative study between Mastercard in Australia and Visa in Singapore

Hamza Alward, نغم نعمة

Pages: 16-24

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Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are essential for enhancing payment security and improving customer experience in financial institutions. This research aims to examine the challenges faced by Mastercard in Australia and Visa in Singapore in implementing these technologies. The study focuses on three main areas: challenges related to fraud and privacy, the strategies employed by both companies to address these challenges, and the impact of AI applications on customer satisfaction and trust. The research adopts an analytical methodology that combines both qualitative and quantitative data, relying on diverse sources including academic studies and annual reports. The findings reveal that the effectiveness of AI applications varies across the two markets, reflecting different responses to local challenges. For instance, Mastercard demonstrates a greater reliance on machine learning technologies in Australia to combat fraud, while Visa in Singapore focuses more on enhancing privacy and data protection. The study offers strategic recommendations aimed at improving payment security and customer experience, such as increasing transparency in data usage and strengthening communication with customers. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of AI in financial services, providing valuable insights for companies and practitioners in the sector. By addressing the unique challenges of each market, customer satisfaction can be enhanced and greater trust in digital payment services can be fostered.

Article
The small entrepreneurial projects to support the Iraqi national industry: A survey study of the entrepreneurs of small enterprises

Arshed Altameemi, Nagham Neama

Pages: 15-27

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The study targeted a critical issue in the Iraqi economy, represented by the challenges facing political and economic decision-makers in supporting the Iraqi industry. The study analyzed the government logistical support for entrepreneurs and the mechanisms for incubating their small entrepreneurial projects in light of the current challenges (environmental, economic) that prevent the effectiveness of these projects in supporting the national economy.
A questionnaire was designed to the five-point Likert scale and covered four areas (legislation, the economic policies, the financial support, and the advisory services). The questionnaire included twenty questions that reflect the challenges facing the entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurs of small entrepreneurship.
A simple random sample was drawn based on the rule of (100) observations from the community of entrepreneurs whose entrepreneurial projects fall under the Industrial Development Directorate at the Ministry of Industry and the Central Bank of Iraq. The survey results indicated the small entrepreneurial projects effectively supporting the national industry could achieve by integrating the incubate mechanisms of these projects with government logistical support to sustain their growth and effectiveness in the Iraqi economy.

Article
The role of using clean energy in managing climate change through analysis of selected success experiences

Dhirgham AL-Shakarchi, Nagham Neama

Pages: 169-183

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This study aimed to analyse the impact of using clean energy on climate change management, by identifying the nature and importance of clean energy, and its impact on reducing or confronting climate change, in addition to highlighting successful experiences in a number of developing and developed countries. The study highlighted the experiences of the UAE and Norway, examining their clean energy policies and their success in leveraging the benefits offered by this use. It demonstrated that successful investment in clean energy not only contributes to reducing carbon emissions, but also supports economic sustainability and enhances countries' resilience to the effects of climate change. The study also highlighted the importance of a clear institutional and legislative framework for the success of these transformations. The study relied on a key hypothesis: the use of clean energy has an impact on climate change management. The study concluded that the use of clean energy represents an effective tool for mitigating emissions and building a sustainable future. Renewable energy sources are characterized by their continuous renewal, and therefore are a continuous and inexhaustible source of energy. Climate change is a rapidly accelerating global phenomenon resulting from carbon emissions resulting from various human activities. Oil-producing countries seeking to achieve sustainability do not seek to abandon oil immediately, but rather adopt long-term strategies based on economic diversification, expanding the share of renewable energy, improving resource efficiency, and developing infrastructure in accordance with global environmental standards. One of the most important recommendations reached by the research is the necessity of providing full support and adopting a gradual strategic approach by governments to shift from dependence on fossil fuels to diversifying energy sources while enhancing investment in clean energy projects, by benefiting from the experiences of countries, especially Norway and the Emirates, which maintained their economic stability during the transition process, as well as the necessity of educating decision-makers and society about the importance of using clean energy as an important option to confront the challenge of climate change and achieve a sustainable future.

Article
Climate change management.. challenges and confrontation

Nagham Neama

Pages: 01

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Introduction:

The world is facing a number of challenges, including climate change. Climate change is caused by human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, causing the planet to warm.

The Arab World and Climate Change:

The Arab world is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change. The region is already experiencing the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, and changes in agricultural yields.

The Impacts of Climate Change:

The impacts of climate change are already being felt around the world. They include:

  • Rising sea levels: Sea levels are rising due to the melting of glaciers and ice sheets. This is causing coastal flooding and erosion, and is displacing people and communities.
  • More extreme weather events: Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts. These events are causing damage to property and infrastructure, and are leading to loss of life.
  • Changes in agricultural yields: Climate change is affecting agricultural yields, making it more difficult to produce food. This is leading to food insecurity and malnutrition.
  • Loss of biodiversity: Climate change is causing the loss of biodiversity, as plants and animals are unable to adapt to changing conditions.

Solutions to Climate Change:

There are a number of things that can be done to address climate change. These include:

  • Reducing greenhouse gas emissions: This can be done by switching to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and reducing deforestation.
  • Adapting to the impacts of climate change: This can be done by building infrastructure that is more resilient to extreme weather events, and by developing new agricultural practices that are more resistant to climate change.
  • Financing climate action: Developing countries need financial assistance to help them reduce their emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Conclusion:

Climate change is a serious threat to the Arab world and the world as a whole. It is important to take action to address this challenge, and to ensure that the region is prepared for the impacts of climate change.

Article
حماية المنافسة ومنع الاحتكار وتأثيرهما في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة

Nagham Na‘ma

Pages: 01-02

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Article
Sovereign funds and their role in financial crises with the possibility of creating a sovereign wealth fund in Iraq

نغم Neama, تبارك Ali

Pages: 282-296

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The research aims to clarify and define sovereign wealth funds and their importance in preserving oil wealth revenues for the future while ensuring their equitable distribution for the future of future generations, as well as proposing an objective vision or drawing an integrated picture of the possibility of creating a sovereign fund for Iraq by preparing the general structure of the fund with the creation mechanism for that All of the justifications for the creation of an Iraqi sovereign fund and its importance and the objectives of the Iraqi sovereign fund were mentioned, as well as the possibilities of employing sovereign wealth funds in managing the financial crisis in Iraq. Economic represented by restructuring public spending in favor of investment spending, activating the role of non-oil revenues in financing the budget and addressing corruption, which is a structural factor that must be addressed.

Article
The impact of financial leasing on banking performance: Analytical research by referring to success experiences in a sample of developing and developed countries

هديل Mahmoud, نغم Naama

Pages: 03-13

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This study aimed to analyse the impact of financial leasing revenues on financial performance in the banking sector, by identifying the nature of financial leasing and its benefits, and knowing the extent to which banks benefit from financial leasing and its impact on their banking performance, as well as showing a financing method that enables banks, especially Islamic banks, to rely It must use it to invest its money and investments.

The research referred to the experiences of both Japan and Jordan by knowing the impact of financial leasing in both countries and the extent of their success in benefiting from the advantages provided by this activity. It was found that the success of financial leasing activity in developed countries is evidence of the advantages that this activity provides if it is implemented. correctly.

The research relied on the main hypothesis that financial leasing positively affects the banking financial performance of Islamic banks that adopted this formula.

The research reached the conclusion that financial leasing affects banking performance in developing countries slightly, but its impact in developed countries is better, and the reason for this is due to the instability in the economies of these countries, and this fluctuation in the volume of financial leasing activity in Arab countries reflects many problems and challenges. facing this activity.

One of the most important recommendations reached by the research is the need to provide full support to the banking sector by governments to be able to provide financial leasing services and benefit from them, as well as the need to educate administrators in the banking sector about the importance of financial leasing and the benefits expected from its use.

Article
The extent of digital transformation in the Iraqi banking sector: Applied research in a sample of Iraqi private banks

Safa Hussein, Nagham Neama

Pages: 100-113

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This research addresses the extent of digital transformation in the Iraqi banking sector, with a focus on a selected sample of Iraqi private banks. The research addresses the extent to which these banks adopt digital technologies to enhance their operations and customer services through quantitative analysis. The results reveal that although there is a growing interest in digital transformation Among Iraqi banks, the digital transformation in Iraqi private banks is still in its early stages compared to global trends. Although there is a growing recognition of the importance of digital technologies by banks, many of them still rely heavily on traditional banking methods, and this is due to This disparity is largely due to different levels of investment in digital infrastructure and different degrees of openness to technological change among bank management, and adoption rates remain uneven across the banking sector. This disparity is largely due to different levels of investment in digital infrastructure and different degrees of openness to technological change among bank management.

Despite these challenges, many banks have begun to implement digital solutions such as online banking, mobile applications and electronic payment systems to meet evolving customer expectations and increase competitiveness. This research highlights the need for strategic investment in digital infrastructure and regulatory reforms to enhance the environment. Conducive to digital innovation, it also emphasizes the importance of educating and raising awareness among customers to increase the adoption of digital banking services, which ultimately contributes to the modernization and growth of the sector.

 

Article
The Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Future of Digital Private Banking: An Applied Study to Measure the Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms in Predicting Customers’ Creditworthiness

Ghaith Mohammed, Nagham Neama, Ali Ibrahim

Pages: 348-363

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Given the swift digital changes occurring in the Banking industry, the purpose of this paper is to examine how well artificial intelligence systems can forecast and protect against future disasters.  By utilizing its skills in big data analytics, forecasting financial behavior, and more accurately and effectively managing risks, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly regarded as a crucial component in the development of banking systems and improving their operational efficiency.

 By enhancing client satisfaction, tailoring banking services to meet the demands of each individual, and cutting down on operational errors and administrative expenses, banks hope to gain a competitive edge by utilizing these technologies.  AI also helps to speed up credit decisions, make it possible to identify financial crime early, and create clever marketing plans based on forecasts of future market trends.

In order to ensure financial sustainability and achieve integration between digital transformation and the demands of banking innovation, studies show that the future of AI encompasses strategic, cultural, human, technological, and organizational dimensions in addition to technical ones.

 The paper also examined a number of anticipated long-term effects of AI applications, such as increased forecasting precision, lower operating expenses, better customer satisfaction, increased worker productivity, and assistance with investment choices.  The findings show that implementing AI applications in the banking sector is a strategic requirement to guarantee long-term growth and competitiveness in the digital era, not a technical luxury.

In order to enhance lending decisions and lower default risks, the paper also assesses how well a number of categorization algorithms work in assessing loan applicants' creditworthiness.  Using a dataset that represented the traits and financial activities of clients, seven machine learning techniques were used: Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, Extra Trees, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, SVC-RBF, and KNN.

The paper used a database of 21 variables for loan applicants. Numerical variables included (age, income, credit score, debt-to-income ratio, and loan amount). Descriptive variables included (loan purpose, region, marital status, employer, educational level, and application channel). Binary variables included (whether or not the applicant had a history of default). These variables were used to predict the approval or rejection decision, with the dependent variable being represented by two values: 0 for rejection and 1 for approval.

The models were evaluated using the following six key performance indicators: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1 Score, Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC AUC), and Brier Score.   The findings demonstrated that the Gradient Boosting algorithm performed best overall in both probability prediction quality and customer differentiation across different risk levels.  The Random Forest algorithm, which showed stability and balanced metrics, came next.  On the other hand, despite its moderate performance, Logistic Regression provided great interpretability, while the Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm demonstrated high sensitivity in identifying high-risk customers.  In terms of overall accuracy and probability quality, some models—like SVC-RBF and KNN—performed worse.

Article
The impacte of investing intellectual capital in the profitability of business organizations: Applied research in Zain Iraq for Communications

نغم Neama, اسامة Majeed

Pages: 148-146

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The research aims to determine the impact of intellectual capital on the profitability of business organizations, by identifying the availability of intellectual capital requirements with its three components (human, structural and customer) in achieving profitability , the research problem centered on the statement whether there is investment And real employment of intellectual capital in the company, the sample of the research, and the research was applied in Zain Iraq company  for communications, and the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and the data was collected through the annual report of Zain Iraq published in the Iraqi Stock Exchange and for the years (2017-2019). And based on financial analysis and using personal interviews and field observations, the most prominent findings of the researcher were that the dimensions of intellectual capital affect the profitability of business organizations in varying proportions and in a positive way, and there was a logical justification for accepting the main hypothesis, at the same time, there are decrease in the level of training and development expenses for employees, and increase in the level of turnover of assets, was noted. The company also worked on the research sample to pay attention to attracting competent employees who have great experience in the required jobs, the research concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of them was realize the importance of intellectual capital and work to develop and maintain it to achieve a high level of profits and also adopt expanded investment policies in order to create returns on their assets to achieve net profits after Tax, which gives more strength to the company.

Article
The Impact of Green Finance Strategies on Managing Climate Change Risks: An Applied Study of a Sample of Iraqi Private Commercial Banks

Nagham Neama, Zahraa Saad

Pages: 253-268

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Abstract

This research aims to test the relationship and impact between green finance strategies (environmental, social, economic, governance, and compliance) and the management of climate change risks (physical, liability, and transition). The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach to achieve its objectives. It analyzed the reality of three private Iraqi banks: the National Bank of Iraq, the International Development Bank, and the Bank of Baghdad. To collect the necessary data, a field questionnaire was distributed to a sample consisting of managers, department heads, employees, and others working in private banks in Iraq. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed, 50 for each bank, and 124 valid responses were retrieved for statistical analysis. The researcher used the SPSS program to analyze the statistical data, test the hypotheses, and measure the relationships between the variables. The study also referred to the Egyptian experience as a model for implementing green finance strategies and addressing climate change. The research focused on two main hypotheses: the first assumes a significant correlation between green finance strategies and climate change risks across the various dimensions such as environmental, social, economic, governance, and compliance. The second hypothesis assumes that green finance strategies have a statistically significant impact on the management of climate change risks at both the main and sub-variable levels. The importance of the research lies in introducing and deepening the understanding of green finance and climate change issues, and in analyzing the extent to which green finance contributes to addressing climate-related risks. The results of the analysis confirmed the validity of all hypotheses, revealing statistically significant relationships between the strategies (environmental, social, economic, governance) and the three types of climate risks (physical, liability, and transition), which confirms the growing awareness of the importance of green finance.

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Entrepreneurship Journal for Finance and Business

College of Business Economics at Al-Nahrain University

Print ISSN: 2708-8790 | Online ISSN: 2709-4251

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